Health Promotion Among the Homeless Essay

As the economy changes, so does the availability of services, goods and money for many every individual. For those individuals who are already struggling with some type of issue such as a decrease in hours worked, wage, disability, domestic violence etc. these changes affect them in a much more severe context. For those who become or are homeless, health care may not be the first thing to take care of on their daily tasks list. Other things like eating, finding safe shelter and not getting arrested are of the most importance. However as many contract health related diseases such as tuberculosis, diabetes, scabies, influenza, etc. health care becomes of concern and a necessity in order to maintain a way of life. Health promotion among the homeless community is not only important but needed. Health promotion can be effective with the appropriate intervention methods, professional staff and the continuous availability of services and goods offered to the community. The National Coalition for the Homeless (2009) noted that the Census Bureau calculated that 45. million Americans did not have health insurance in 2007 and out of this 45. 7 million uninsured individuals, 8. 1 million children in the United States were without health insurance. Homelessness and lack of health care are positively related and having no health insurance at all can itself alone cause homelessness. According to the National Coalition for the Homeless (2009), half of all personal bankruptcies in the United States in 2008 were due to hea lth related problems. The most important fact to remember when promotion health to this community is that they have little to no money, experience embarrassment, nervousness and/or may become offended and may not appear as if they need help but may or may not be mentally ill. These three things are not only considered barriers to the community when trying to receive health care but they are also barriers to the medical professionals who are not properly educated on how to show discretion and privacy for each homeless individual. Other relevant barriers include the lack of knowledge about where to get treated, lack of transportation and health care costs. To overcome these barriers, medical health professionals must be adequately educated on this community and any new developments within this community as well. Also affordable transportation and public assistance must be indiscriminately made available to this population. One of the biggest ways to break these barriers is to create and increase public health funding for this population. There is one federally funded program, Health Care for the Homeless, which provides health care for homeless persons. These services include but are not limited to substance abuse services, emergency care and public housing assistance. Also providing dental and mental health care in most areas, this federally funded program creates a standard by which other programs created should be based off of and also provides a foundation to for other programs needed to assist this growing population. Poor health in the homeless community has an effect on society. Homelessness impacts the community in the following ways: economically, politically, legally and physically. As the number of unhealthy homeless individuals increase, the cost of maintaining and operating health facilities and service programs that cater to this population increases. Taxpayers fund these programs and services with the help of private donations. When the homeless do not seek out these federally funded or privately funded services and programs, they seek another method of obtaining money and/or services by panhandling or stealing, this creates a legal problem. Also for those individuals who do not go to a shelter or place to eat, they must find food and typically they do this through garbage cans and recyclable places. This action creates health issues which causes this epidemic to continue. As there are those businesses that may deny the homeless individual to bathe or clean themselves properly, he/she may go days without proper hygiene care causing another more health problems such as scabies or other bodily infections. In conclusion, homeless individuals have the human and legal right to access public information and health services provided to every other human being. It is the writer’s opinion that a portion of the tax payer’s dollar should be spent to provide health insurance and health care to those that are homeless to a certain extent. The writer believes that each homeless individual should receive an annual checkup that includes mental, dental and physical services. For those taxpayers who make above a certain income range should be required to pay more of a percentage of services needed after the initial appointment. The writer believes that homeless individuals deserve the same amount of care as those who are not homeless deserve. Health issues in the homeless community are ones that can be solved with constant interventions and involvement at the community level.

Analyzing Visual Media Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analyzing Visual Media - Case Study Example In this ad, there are several techniques being used by the company to promote their cigarettes. The first and primary motivator is the transfer technique which suggests that men who smoke Marlboro are as rugged and as ‘real’ as the man shown in the picture. This is, in fact, the strongest message since the advertisement does not actually say anything about the positive values of the cigarettes (not that there are too many of those) and the ad does not give a price point or other selling point for the product. A secondary tone which can be connected to the ad is the plain folks' technique since the age of cowboys is certainly a nostalgic image. Admittedly there may still be cowboys in America but the general idea of cowboys for me remains connected with the old west. I was certainly impressed by the look of the man and the cold stare that he has for the audience but at some level, it is also scary. Finally, the warning at the bottom of the page tells us that smoke contains carbon monoxide which is somewhat cryptic but still effective in breaking the card stacking technique. The second advertisement is from Apple Computer’s Think Different campaign which was critically acclaimed as one of the best campaigns in modern print advertising. The ad shows a black and white picture of John Lennon and Yoko Ono both holding flowers in their hand and looking towards the viewer. In the top right corner, the Apple Logo is present with the words â€Å"Think Different† underneath them and on the bottom left corner, the words www.apple.com invite the viewer to visit Apple’s website. Again there are several techniques being used by the company to project its image of being different and unique. First of all, the unspoken celebrity endorsement of Lennon is enough to make many people think ‘differently’ about apple as more than a computer manufacturer.  Ã‚  

Organizational Ecosystem Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organizational Ecosystem Case Study - Essay Example Although an ecosystem could be a source of many benefits, for organizations to thrive in their respective ecosystems, they must understand their individual ecosystems as well as how they function (Townsend, 2014). This is mostly important in avoiding ecosystem blindness. Business ecosystem has many benefits both for small and large businesses. The main aim of these ecosystems is to ensure that all companies stay in business by depending on each other. For a small business, functioning in an ecosystem provides a proprietary advantage that such a business needs so as to compete with larger organizations. Additionally, it provides the mechanism required to lever ideas of excellence in technology, research, marketing, and business in various industry sectors into a global competitive force. This is one of the goals that most businesses strive to achieve and that can be made possible through participation within an ecosystem. Ecosystems are also responsible for providing resistance to inv asions in business. Additionally, ecosystems also provide resilience that many businesses need against external changes especially in dynamic and unstable business environments. Furthermore, the type of adaptation that is necessary in surviving change is usually established and contributed towards by the rapid innovation, which is achievable under ecosystems. Wal-Mart is one of the largest retail companies in the world that have embraced ecosystem due to the benefits that it can gain and those it can pass to other businesses in the same ecosystem. By understanding the functioning of its ecosystem, Wal-Mart has managed to dominate its market. This is mostly because of the approach strategies that the company used in participating within its ecosystem. Ecosystem plays a critical role in Wal-Mart’s innovation efforts in two main ways. While taking the structure of its ecosystem in consideration, Wal-Mart managed to

FASD Professional Handbook Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

FASD Professional Handbook - Research Paper Example FASD is an important preventable cause of intellectual; dysfunction and behavioral problems.This hand-book reviews amongst others current prevalence, clinical features, pathogenesis and differential diagnosis of FASD. It also highlights the need for social workers to beware of the condition. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), currently considered part of FASD, was first described in 1973.In spite of what has been learned since: a lot of challenges still remain in diagnosis and prevention. My goal is to explore fetal terminology, the effects, prevalence, and prevention of exposure, and identification. I will identify what is known about who is at risk, and with this knowledge social workers should better be able to identify risk pregnancies and alcohol affected individuals and thus identify fetal alcohol exposure early enough. FAS are diagnosed when characteristic facial dysmorphology, poor growth, and central nervous system abnormalities are present, with or without prenatal alcohol exposure. Of importance is the fact that it has been accepted that affected individuals may have some but not all of the FAS characteristics, research has not identified a reliable way of defining those individuals less affected. Fetal Alcohol effects (FAE), Prenatal Alcohol Effects (PAE), Alcohol Related Birth Defects(ARBD), and Alcohol-relate Neurodevelopment Disorder(ARND) have all been suggested as terms identifying those children with a spectrum of problems, but not necessarily FAS. The diagnosis of fetal alcohol effects or ARBD and the estimation of their incidence are more difficult than that of FAS. Importantly, the specifics of the FAS diagnosis for alcohol make it scientifically useful and meaningful. Significantly ARBD and ARND, however are not syndromes in the classic sense, but the presentation of FAS signs indiv idually associated with, but not specific to prenatal alcohol exposure (Kelly, 2000). They can be lower those manifestation of

Cultural landscape Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cultural landscape - Essay Example The economic status of the region is better than in other parts of the United States. The educational system is superb which provides its youth with opportunities for growth and professional development. One of the greatest virtues of Atlantic City is the diversity of its people. Religion plays a big part in the cultural landscape of a region. For instance in the Middle East religion affects the daily lives of its people evidence by the fact of the existence of a holy war that has lasted centuries. In my region religion influences the people positively because it helps build moral and ethical standards. Some of the religions that are practiced in my community include Roman Catholicism, United Methodist, Muslims, Evangelical Lutheran, Episcopal, Presbyterian, and Baptist. The religion that is practiced the most in Atlantic City is Roman Catholicism with a participation rate of 61.4% of the population (City-data). People in Atlantic City have a wide variety of religions to choose from. The religious movement in Atlantic City has helped a lot people especially the

Human Resources Managment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human Resources Managment - Assignment Example It can be noted in this case that the employer discriminated Michael Roberts on the basis of race by virtue of being an African American since other white guys with less experience were hired for the same job. The McDonnell-Douglas test is applicable to this particular case, according to the US Legal (2013), â€Å"Mcdonnell Douglas test refers to a legal principle requiring a plaintiff (employee) to prove with evidence of employment- discrimination. The test also requires a defendant (employer) to prove with evidence showing that the employment action complained was taken for non discriminatory reasons.† Being the judge in the above mentioned case, I will rule in favour of the plaintiff given that a case of racial discrimination against Michael Roberts exists since he did not get the job as a result of being an African American while other whites with less experience were hired for the same position. 2. The African Americans in this case can sue for disparate impact under Titl e vii of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. According to the Freedictionary (2013), disparate impact is a theory that prohibits the employer from using facially neutral employment practices that have an unjustified effect on protected classes. As aptly shown in the case study, African Americans were unfavourably treated when it comes to securing technical employment. Only 60 % of those who wrote the test were selected while 80 percent of the whites who wrote the same test were selected. However, the employer can use â€Å"business necessity† clause to refute the allegations levelled against him. If this practice is really necessary to the operations of the organization, then the employer would not have any case to answer. It is also important for the plaintiffs to prove that they are a protected class under this legal provision. Failure to do so may render their case invalid. 1. Sue Pappas applied for a position of an attendant for a psychiatric institution. However, she does not succeed in getting the job as a result of her obesity. Before she sues under Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), she has to prove that she has a disability. â€Å"The ADA defines disabil ­ity as a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits a major life activ ­ity; a record of such an impairment; or being regarded as having such an impair ­ment,† (Reiter, 1). Under ADA, obesity is excluded hence Sue cannot win this particular case. However, ADA Amendments Act of 2008 (ADAAA) has broadened the definition of disability to encompass a lot of other biological functions of the body. Since she cannot perform all of the major life activities because of her obesity, she can sue the employer under the ADAA since it can be seen that she has been unfairly discriminated. Her past experience shows that she can perform this job well so there is no reason for this employer to deny her the opportunity to get this job. Assignment 2 Job Title: Marketing comm unications officer Position Purpose: The purpose of this position is to maintain a clear communication strategy for the marketing department as well as the organization as a whole. The candidate will communicate vital information to

Current Events in Public Health Leadership and the Fiedler Contingency Assignment - 1

Current Events in Public Health Leadership and the Fiedler Contingency Theory - Assignment Example In adults, pertussis is starting as a cough but is ending up as a persistent cough (CDPH, 2014). The response of the department exemplifies the tenets of Fielder’s contingency theory. The director of the California Department of Public Health (CPDH) has acted by mobilizing his subordinates to launch a statewide campaign against the epidemic. The harmony with which the response has taken off demonstrates the good relationship that exists between the leader and his juniors. For example, some juniors have gone to local health departments and they are coordinating vaccination activities with physicians. They are providing a link between the physician in the grassroots with CDPH so that to ensure that there are enough supplies of the vaccines. Just as in Fielder’s theory, Dr Ron Chapman, the director of CDPH, comes across as a leader who can exercise control. He has been quoted assertively clarifying the rumours that the epidemic has killed people already (Kapur & Smith, 2011). An important observation that is in line with Fielder’s contingency theory is that Dr Chapman is using a task-motivated interaction with his subordinates. This is seen in the way the director has emphasized the nature of the epidemic and how fast it is spreading rather than his relationship with his subordinates. Based on his perception of the high volatility of the epidemic, Dr Chapman has taken a multisectoral approach to curbing the effects of the disease. Schools are one of the sectors that he has deployed some subordinates to sensitize teachers and students about pertussis and the available resources such as vaccine stations. He has directed others to work with media outlets in order to disseminate accurate information about the progress of the epidemic and about the actions that are being taken to curb its spread (Clements, 2009). The emphasis that Dr Chapman has demonstrated on the task of curbing pertussis shows that he has a low score on the least preferred co-worker.     

Clinical Governance is an umbrella term covering a wide range of Essay

Clinical Governance is an umbrella term covering a wide range of quality, accountability and risk management issues. Assess the impact of Clinical Governance - Essay Example Van Zwanenberg fro Oxford defines clinical governance as "a powerful, new and comprehensive mechanism for ensuring that high standards of clinical care are maintained throughout the NHS and the quality of service is continuously improved" (Zwanenberg, 2000). Clinical Governance is a practice that was brought about by the United Kingdom National Health Service (NHS), to describe and establish a systematic approach to improve the quality of patient care. The framework of clinical governance aims at establishing the same levels of quality and accountability and management in clinics and hospitals that the framework of corporate governance aims at establishing in an organization. Prior to 1999, ensuring financial management and acceptable levels of patient care quality were the only mandatory responsibilities of the trust boards on NHS. Since 1999, the NHS trust boards accepted the need for improving the quality of service extended to patients; the effect of which was the adoption of clinical governance. Successful implementation of clinical governance mandates continual professional development for the whole primary care team. Each and every team member must be involved. The main challenge that teams may face is the transition shift to a m ultidisciplinary, team based learning. The tasks of clinical governance are complex and demanding. It needs efforts from all members of a team. Improving patient care means that all the factors that have an i... Elements of Clinical Governance Improving patient care means that all the factors that have an impact on the care must be studied and improved, which requires a high level of inter-professional understanding. Representatives from all groups of staff must explore 'care' from patient's point of view (Dickinson et al, 2006). Various elements are needed to be carefully understood in order to establish an effective patient care. Nigel Starey, Director, Center for Primary Care from University of Derby identifies some of the major elements that build effective clinical governance (Starey, 2003). Education: Continual sustained professional education is mandatory for all health care professionals. It is found out that a substantial amount of what is learnt during training is quickly forgotten. Post Registration Education and Practice (PREP) for nurses, Postgraduate Education Allowance (PGEA) for GPs, Continuous Professional Development (CPD) for hospital doctors are some of the various systems that are prevalent to assist health care professionals in their continued professional education. Another essential aspect of continual education is team based learning. Until recently, only the general practitioners attended educational events. The educational requirements of nurses and other staff members were neglected (Pringle, 2000). However the new emphasis on education stresses professional development for all the team members. Clinical Audit: Measurement of the prevalent standards of a clinic against the pre determined standards is a very crucial element of clinical governance. The standards must be pre determined at regular intervals by medical directors

Illegal use of VOIP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Illegal use of VOIP - Essay Example According to the essay the principle behind VoIP is that using a computer and a microphone it is possible to record sound of a person. In this process, the sound would be sampled at a very high rate and then would be stored as files in the computer. Each of these samples is a small bit of sound by the respective person. Now the computer would be able to use these samples in such a way that a listener would be able to hear accurately what the speaker has said. In VoIP, the difference is that the recorded samples are send through IP services to another computer placed at a distant place. So the speaker’s voice could be heard as such by a listener sitting at a long distance. As the paper presents VoIP system could be installed in a variety of hardware systems such as a telephone. There is no need of a computer in that case. Some of the VoIP providers allow a customer to contact only a person using the same service. But there are providers who would allow contacting any person with a telephone number and this include land line or mobile or international or long distance numbers. Instead of a computer one could use a VoIP telephone for the purpose. The traditional telephone available with the customer could be used for the purpose with a VoIP adapter. In this case the digital signals of sound would be converted into regular telephone signals before it reaches destination. ... So IP packets would be containing a lot of samples each with a bit of sound and together they form the entire message. If these packets are delivered in the correct time satisfactory results could be obtained. But if it is delayed, it has to be discarded. The process of compression, transmission, the processes by which it is uncompressed and delivered have to take place in a very less time. If the process is delayed or is not occurring according to time there would be echo or over talk (VOIP disadvantages, 2009). VoIP system could be installed in a variety of hardware systems such as a telephone. There is no need of a computer in that case. Some of the VoIP providers allow a customer to contact only a person using the same service. But there are providers who would allow contacting any person with a telephone number and this include land line or mobile or international or long distance numbers. Instead of a computer one could use a VoIP telephone for the purpose. The traditional telephone available with the customer could be used for the purpose with a VoIP adapter. In this case the digital signals of sound would be converted into regular telephone signals before it reaches destination. Above all these in areas where wireless internet connections are possible like in airports, cafes etc, VoIP service could be availed wirelessly (Voice-Over-Internet Protocol, 2009). This makes illegal calls very easy to be made. There is no need of spending money on expensive devices for VoIP services. Without much expenditure, using the existing phone one could easily make long distance calls through VoIP and for the same reason it is difficult for the government to interfere to reduce such illegal practices (How does VoIP works, 2009). According to Burns (2007) in China the

A Green Environment for Now and the Future Essay Example for Free

A Green Environment for Now and the Future Essay In the past, the major need of people in this world was arable land. Man did not have to think about animate things. However, now the adverse effects on forests through over-population and the development of various chemical elements in the atmosphere have led to irregular rainfall and global warming. This global warming has brought changes in climate, including making perennial snow mountains melt, thereby adversely affecting not only human beings but also other living species. This dangerous situation is being taken very seriously by the world. In the past the perennial snow mountains of Tibet had very thick snow. Older people say that these mountains were covered with thick snow when they were young and that the snows are getting sparser which may be an indication of the end of the world. It is a fact that climate change is a slow process taking thousands of years to realize its effect. Living beings and plant life on this planet also undergo change accordingly. Mans physical structure too changes from generation to generation along with the change in climatic conditions. Because of the growth in the population, a large number of trees are cut for fuel, and to reclaim land for agricultural cultivation. In the case of Tibet, too, the Chinese have now destroyed its ancient trees in a similar way to shaving a mans hair off. This is not simply the destruction of trees but it also means harming what belongs to the Tibetans. Similarly, the continuing decline in forests in many parts of the world, including America, is adversely affecting the already changing global climate, thus upsetting the lives, not only of mankind, but also of all living beings. Similarly, the harmful effect on the atmosphere brought about by chemical emissions in industrialized countries is a very dangerous sign. Although this is a new thing for us Tibetans, the world is paying a lot of attention to this problem. It is the responsibility of us, who speak of the welfare of all sentient beings, to contribute towards this. Since I too have a responsibility in this matter, (i.e. to work for the protection of the environment and to see that the present and future  generations of mankind can make use of refreshing shade and fruits of trees), I bought these seeds of fruit-bearing trees with part of my Nobel Peace Prize money to be distributed now, to people representing different regions (all the continents of the world are represented here) during this Kalachakra gathering. These seeds have been kept near the Kalachakra mandala for purification and blessings. Since these include seeds of apricot, walnut, papaya, guava, etc., suitable for planting under varying geographical conditions, experts in respective places should be consulted on their planting and care and, thus, you all should see my sincere aspiration is fulfilled.

The resistance of a wire Essay Example for Free

The resistance of a wire Essay For my experiment I will use Constantan, This is because it gave me the widest range of results, so it makes it easier for us users to see and understand whats going on. The thickness I will use will be 32. This is also because it gave me the widest range of results. I also chose this type of wire because it did not get hot very easily. This is a good thing because it will be a fairer test (when temperatures stay relatively the same) and there is less hazards involved. The length of wire I will use- I will use the following lengths of wire-. I think these lengths of wire is suitable for the experiment. 10 lengths is good enough to show us a general pattern. Equipment- -Ammeter -A 1m ruler (to measure length of wire) -At least 8 electrical cables -Voltmeter -Power Supply unit -at least 600cm of Constantan -crocodile clips Method- 1. Connect the electrical circuit as shown in the preliminary work. Make sure all the wires all connected correctly. Note that the voltmeter has to be connected in parallel because it has a very high resistance, current will not be able to go through. 2. Before doing anything else, set the voltage of the power supply unit to 0V. Then turn on the power Supply unit (PSU). 3. Connect the piece of wire of desired length to the two crocodile clips (both ends) 4. Now set the PSU dial to 2. Turn on the Machine. Allow readings to settle then record readings from the ammeter and the voltmeter. 5. Turn of Machine. (avoid the wire getting hot) 6. Do the same adjusting the dial switched to 2, 4 and 6. Change the lengths of the wire each time using the following lengths- 20, 40 60, 80,100, 120,140,160,180,200cm. Record the readings from the ammeter and the voltmeter. 7. Once you have finished all the experiments you have to divide the volts by the current (amps) to find out the resistance. It is explained how to do this in the analysis later. Analysis Analyzing the Graph- From the pattern on the graph, we can tell that my prediction was correct. An increase of length gives you an increase in resistance. This can be seen because the line of best fit is moving upwards while the length of wire is increased. All the points on the graph are almost on the line of best fit, it was very easy to draw the line of best fit. There were one or two points that did not fit the line completely. These were the last two lengths. 180 and 200cm. This could have happened due to some experimental errors. The graph proves that as the length of the wire increases the resistance of the wire increases proportionally. This means that if we double the length of the wire we also double the resistance. How I calculated the results- Resistance = Voltage / Current So for example: Voltage = 0. 51V, current = 0. 15A. Therefore resistance = 0. 51 / 0. 15 = 3. 95? I then averaged all the results (readings on the dial 2, 4 and 6) to come up with a final pair of results which used to plot on the graph. Conclusion- From the graph we can tell that almost all the points are on the line of best fit. The length of wire and the resistance is directly proportion to each other, as in they rise together. If we double the length of the wire the resistance will too double. This proves that the resistance of the wire will vary according to the length and width of a wire. The longer the wire the higher the resistance. The length of the wire and the resistance rise together. The increase in voltage is increasing the amount of energy transferred every second in the circuit. My theory is, if length of the wire increases, there is less chance for the electrons to go through. Most of them bump into the atoms inside the piece of wire, therefore increases resistance. According to my graph my prediction was correct; a rise in length is a rise in resistance. Evaluation Problems encountered- The problems encountered were very mild except for when we were taking measurements for small lengths of wire. The wire got very hot; it was difficult to take readings because the readings on the meters kept on changing in high ranges. How accurate were my results- My results may not have been extremely accurate however when we draw the line of best fit we can see the pattern quite clearly. It is good enough for us to find and interpret a pattern from the line of best fit. The ruler we used may not have been entirely accurate. Also, the voltmeter and the ammeter is limited to 2 decimal places, and are not entirely stable (the readings are always changing). We can only measure an approximate reading. How ever as I said earlier I feel my results are good enough to show us a general idea of what is happening. Comment of the overall experiment- Overall, I feel that the experiment was done in a quite good state. Yes there were 1 or 2 anomalous results; however the line of best fit still turned out as expected. 10 results is good enough for us to draw a decent and accurate line. All in all most points lie very closely to the line of best fit. The line is quite reliable as it turned out as expected (i. e. it matches my prediction) and it also matches the research I had done previously. It shows us a general pattern of the length of wire and resistance being proportional. Things I could have done better- The experiment could have been done much more accurately. I could have used a more reliable ammeter and voltmeter so readings can be more accurate, they can be more stable and corrected to more decimal places, in this case there will be fewer errors in the graph. We could also have used fewer wires. The wires we use have a very slight resistance, therefore affecting the experiment slightly. Besides all this there is not much else we could have done. The experiment could have turned out better if the equipment used was much more advanced (explained above). However as said earlier the results are good enough to show me a general pattern and allow me to analyse what happens.

Effects of Viral Marketing

Effects of Viral Marketing Viral Marketing 1.1 Viral Marketing These years, the competitions among companies become more and more furious. Song (2004) pointed out that many companies in order to survive even to develop, they try to make good use any way that can help them to enlarge their market share and build a strong brand. The traditional Medias such as television, newspaper, radio and printed Ads were over used in the last decade. This view was supported by Mogg (2006) who believed that using these traditional ways to promote a product or service not longer can stimulate audiences’ passion and urge effectively. Because in some extent, audiences were get used to receive information of these ways, they need something new, need a new â€Å"flavor† of the information they receive (Sally, 2006). The era that customers rely on marketers’ suggestions or advertising to make a purchase decision was gone. Czinkota (2007) argued that only supply the information that you think customers would need is not working, not enough to persuade customers, and can not fulfill their needs and satisfy them. Customers already become smart enough; they do not like to be persuaded by marketers or advertisings in many situations. They prefer to be active in the buying process and use their own knowledge and standards to decide what they need, and what they happy to buy (Grewal, 2008). A strong brand can make customers have faith in a company and its products. This view seems acceptable for Fill (2005) who agreed that building close relationship with customers is vital; companies try their best to pursue the best marketing strategies with the purpose to be strong and profitable. Word of mouth is one of the effective ways for a company to promote its products (Anderson, 1999). Word-of-Mouth (WOM) was described as oral, person-to-person communication between a receiver and a communicator which the receiver perceives as a noncommercial message, regarding a brand, product or service (Haywood, 1989, pp53-66). It can help a company use less money to do the mass promotion. This view was supported by Buttle(1998), he believed that customers are easier to be persuaded through this way as they think it is a noncommercial way. They consider that they are on the active position to receive information and make a buying decision, not be persuaded to do that. With the evolution of technology, and the growth of the internet, the arena of many companies have move from realistic world to a new world—the internet (Castells, 1997). Word of mouth has upgrade through internet, and gets a new name â€Å"viral marketing† these years (Modzelewski, 2000). Base on Dicher’s (2001, pp47) research, â€Å"viral marketing is a strategy that companies use to stimulate their customer to pass on something about their products to their network of colleagues and friends†. For the company, viral marketing can help a company use a little budget to promote itself sharply, since the information you send out, customers would pass them on by themselves. In the customers’ side, viral marketing help customers feel better as they think that they make the purchase decision by themselves, and they get information from their friends who seem more reliable than marketers or advertisings. (Wangenheim, 2007, pp131-146) Base on the advantages of internet, using viral marketing relate to internet can make the promotion effect like a nuclear bomb. Internet can make the information deliver very fast, even exceed your expectation. Sudaraman and Rajagopalan(2003) found that since you use viral marketing to send out your information, it may reach every corner of world that has internet connections only need a few days. Internet seems something bring information deliver from the â€Å"Stone Age† to â€Å"21st century†, it acting like a pair of wings of information delivery, make information deliver reach to an incredible speed. Considering the effective of viral marketing strategy, this report decides to examine the effects of viral marketing that can make to a company. The author is very interested in the effects of viral marketing, as it is a trend for future business; it is so useful to company’s promotion and information delivery. To know clear about the viral marketing can help author to enrich his marketing knowledge, and will be very helpful in his future job or business, even can help readers of this report to know more about viral marketing. In order to make the research more reliable and get accurate analysis, this report would choose MySpace, an online company which seems to be success on using viral marketing strategy to assist the analysis. 1.2 MySpace Tom Anderson (born November 8, 1970) is the President of the social networking website, MySpace. He is one of the people identified as a founder of the site, along with CEO Chris DeWolfe (Boyd, 2006). At the beginning, it was a website with a small number of users, which used to make friends. Then they invite some famous people to join in, these famous people bring many fans in. since more and more bands build up their website on this station, MySpace becoming bigger and get huge number of users. It develop from a music wed station to a core of young people’s live in America, then explore all over the world(Diving into the Myspace Pool, 2006). It chooses to give users enough freedom to build what they like in this wed station, and this freedom and right make it explore so quickly. People can use their email address to sign up as the user of it. (Source from Dwyer, 2007) Every user can upload the things they like, such as video and sound clips, pictures and many other things. MySpace listen to their users and improve the wed station, like increase blogs, message board, discuss rooms, and online communications. Users can talk to their friends there, play games together, even use wed camera to meet each other when they talking.(source from Boyd, 2006) This wed station can make users feel so free in it; they can talk what they like with their friends here. So users invite their friends to join in MySpace (Diving into the MySpace Pool, 2006). In such a way, MySpace reach to a great success. Until 2006, MySpace only set up three years, but its development speed was faster than any wed station in history, it is a myth of the internet development history. It already beyond Yahoo and Google to be the biggest wed station in USA. It was set up with a very small cost, but in 2005, Rupert Murdoch, the CEO of The News Corporation Limited, use 580 million dollar to buy it. One year after it was purchased, it earn 900 million dollar from Google for advertising fee. (Source from Hempel and Lehman, 2005) It seems that MySpace really a success example to make good use of viral marketing strategy, that why this report choose UK MySpace as the case study to assist the research and analysis. 1.3 Research Objectives a. Examine the effects that viral marketing can make to a company, associate with case studyUK MySpace b. Access to customers attitude and reactions to viral marketing through primary and secondary data analysis c. Find out the effects of viral marketing for a company’s success at last. Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 The Background and Development of Viral Marketing Marketing is a social process which satisfies consumers needs. The term includes advertising, distribution and selling of a product or service. It is also concerned with anticipating the customers future needs and expectations, often through market research (Frenzen and Nakamoto, 1993). This view was supported by Eugene (1998) who believed that marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives. Pamela (2000) pointed out that traditional marketing is the marketing techniques that are used for many years, it mainly using mediums such as, television, newspaper, telephone and radio. Nowadays, there are many new technologies are used to replace the traditional mediums to do promotions: Internet, multimedia mobile phone, blogs and so on. These new mediums can help marketers to reach more customers and cut cost. This view was supported by Wegert (2004) who believed that the traditional mediums do not work effective as before, they make many audiences feel boring and many offers what they dislike. Customers want to see something new and soothing, really make them interesting and happy, so the new mediums may work effective and can catch their eyeballs (Anderson, 1998, pp104-141). These years, more and more people like to surfing on internet (Wangenheim, 2007). This situation leads to many marketers focus on internet to promote their products and services. Especially, young people prefer using internet to traditional mediums. For a company’s future development, holding the young people now can make them get a big market share in the future (Bayus, 1985). So to make good use of the internet to do promotion is vital for many companies, especially the company which rely on internet to do business. There are many advantages to use internet as an advertising medium: message can change quickly and easily; create own page cheaply; low cost; direct sales possible and so on (McWilliams, 2000). Base on its advantages, more and more companies choose to use internet to do advertisings. Several main online promotion techniques are recognized by marketing researchers, viral marketing will be the focus of this research as it can reach mass consumers in a short time with a low cost. 2.2 From WOM to Viral Marketing During the last decade, customer satisfaction and perceived service quality have been important topics in the marketing literature. This is due to the empirically verified belief that increases in satisfaction and quality will finally result in higher profitability (Wangenheim, 2007). Over the past 10 years however the focus of research on satisfaction and quality has slowly shifted from understanding how â€Å"service quality perceptions and satisfaction judgments† are formed to a more â€Å"outcome-oriented view† of assessing the returns on service quality and satisfaction based on a thorough understanding of the associated costs and benefits (Buttle, 1998, pp76-89). A strategy called â€Å"viral marketing† was used by many companies to pursue the profit. Before the â€Å"viral marketing† appears, a marketing strategy called â€Å"word of mouth† was used in that way. Haywood (1989) believed that Word-of-Mouth (WOM) refers to oral, person-to-person communication between a receiver and a communicator which the receiver perceives as a noncommercial message, regarding a brand, product or service. Even though WOM strategy can bring huge benefits to a company, the development of technology usage has upgraded the word of mouth strategy to a new one call â€Å"viral marketing† (Richins, 1999). These years, stationary Internet consumers’ communication environment has been changed and enriched. As a result WOM has gained new significance and WOM on the stationary Internet was termed â€Å"viral marketing†. This view was supported by Godes and Mayzlin (2004), that Viral or word-of-mouth marketing has become very popular because it has a new medium—the Internet. According to one venture capital firm, 76 percent of new business plans have the words viral marketing in them (File, Cermak and Prince, 2000). Using e-mail makes it incredibly easy to pass information on to a friend or colleague, especially if it involves something fun or free. With millions using the Internet all over the world, the potential for exponential growth is quite huge. 2.3 What is Viral Marketing Since the term viral marketing was introduced in 1997, many disagreements exist about its definition. Subramani and Rajagopalan (2003) view it as word-of-mouth advertising in which consumers tell other consumers about the product or service. Yang and Allenby (2003) argued that true viral marketing differs from word-of-mouth in that the value of the virus to the original consumer is directly related to the number of other users it attracts. Shirky (2000) suggests that, in generally, viral marketing would be word-of-mouth advertising to most people. More importantly, however, he adds that the concept describes viral marketing as a way of getting new customers by encouraging honest communication among consumers. The originator of each branch of the virus has a unique and vested interest in recruiting people to the network. (Modzelewski, 2000, p.30). According to Senecal and Acques (2004) suggestion, purchasing is part of a social process, it involves a one-to-one interaction between the company and the customer and many exchanges of information and influence among the people who surround the customers. They also suggest that many effective networks comprise hubs, clusters, and connections among clusters. In these networks, people will notice a constant flow of green sparks between certain nodes. Wilson (2000) said that viral marketing is sort of this explosion that you start with one customer and he/she will tell people and pass it on continuously. In Dichter’s (2001, p47) opinion, â€Å"viral marketing is the idea that you incite your customers or referral sources to pass on something about your business to their network of colleagues and friends†. There is a similar saying that viral marketing describes any strategy that encourages customers to pass on a marketing message to others, creating the potential for exponential growth in the messages exposure and influence (Hogon, Lemon and Libai, 2004). Nalor (2002) claimed that viral marketing is a marketing tactic relying on some aspects of the system to promote itself as initial targets pass the promotion on to others. Depend mostly on Hogon, Lemon and Libai’s perspectives, the current article views viral marketing as the process of encouraging honest communication among consumer networks, and it focuses on email as the main channel. One example of viral marketing is encouraging current and potential customers to tell others about a companys products and services, and then encouraging those others to tell even more consumers, make the information go forward continuously (Subramani and Rajagopalan, 2003 ). These strategies like viruses, can take advantage of rapid multiplication to explode the message to thousands even to millions customers in a short time. â€Å"The term viral marketing is also used to refer to stealth marketing campaigns—the use of varied kinds of astroturfing both online and offline to create the impression of spontaneous word of mouth enthusiasm†(Hennig-Thurau, Gwinner, Walsh and Gremler,2004, pp 95). Out of the internet, viral marketing has been described as â€Å"word of mouth†, â€Å"creating a buzz†, â€Å"leveraging the media†, â€Å"network marketing†. However, on the internet, whatever, it was called â€Å"viral marketing† (Helm, 2000, pp 57-71). Datta, Chowdhury and Chakraborty (2005) used the term as â€Å"network-enhanced word of mouth† to describe the then high innovative marketing strategy of the free email service Hotmail. For other words, such terms as propagation, aggregation or organic marketing are used. Successful viral marketing is characterized as â€Å"strategies that allow an easier, accelerated, and cost reduced transmission of messages by creating environments for a self-replicating, exponentially increasing diffusion, spiritualization, and impact of the message†. (Hogan, Lemon and Libai, 2001) 2.4. Forms and Categories of Viral Marketing 2.4.1 Forms There are many forms of viral marketing; these include images, jokes, reality TV show transcripts, digital video clips, e-cards, interactive microsites, advergames, and alternative reality games (Modzelewski, 2000). The list is continuously growing as the development of viral marketing. 2.4.2 Categories There are several ways to categorize viral marketing. First, difference between â€Å"intentional and unintentional message† delivery and used a â€Å"motivational classification†. Secondary, difference is between â€Å"service-based and incentive-based†. In the first situation, viral effect was decided by the quality of offer, another one means that company uses monetary incentive to stimulate customers so that they would pass on an advertiser’s message. Base on the differences between private and public recommendation, the categorization between â€Å"high (active) and low (passive) integration strategies are varying in the degree of requiring the consumer’s activity in passing on the ‘virus’ †. (Source from Goldenberg, Libai and Muller, 2001, pp 209-257) 2.5 Viral Marketing in B2B Beside the explanation of viral marketing base on B2C, many authors get another similar definition for it on B2B side. In B2B, viral marketing means the rapid spread of a message about a new product or service, in a similar way to the spread of a virus (Yang and Allenby, 2003). Viral marketing can be word of mouth; however, it is particularly common being use on the Internet, where messages can be spread easily and quickly to reach people all over the world. Products can become very famous in this way with very little advertising cost. Carrabis (2006) has proved that viral marketing rely on social networks in order to function. Linking is also an effective viral marketing tool, as is the provision of free products or services. The Hotmail free e-mail service, for example, grew quickly with little marketing investment (Tafe, 2007). In B2B area, viral marketing works well in the following circumstances: (a) when a product is genuinely new and different, and it is something that opinion leaders want to associate with;(b) when the benefits of the product are real; (c) when the product is relevant to a large number of people, and the benefits are easy to communicate (Bansal and Voyer, 2000, p26-63). 2.6 Why Viral Marketing These years, online social networks are increasingly being considered as an important source of information to affect the adoption and use of products and services (Mac, 2006). Viral marketing as the tactic of creating a process where interested people can market to each other, is therefore emerging as an important marketing strategy to spread-the-word and stimulate the trial, adoption, and use of products and services. (Herr, Kardes and Kim, 1999) What is new about viral marketing is not word of mouth, but the way people are spreading it (Hogan, Lemon and Libai, 2004). Web users have the ears and eyes of hundreds, even thousands of people. They are in contact with an International crowd they would never have met otherwise. Most significantly, they can reach people they do not really know. That is why several weeks after a people sent the first Hotmail message into India; thousands of Indian users had Hotmail accounts (Kuruvilla, 2007). It is believed that a satisfied customer tells an average of three people about a product or service he likes, and nine people about a product or service which he dislikes (Sudaraman, Mitra and Webster, 1999). Viral marketing is based on this natural human behavior to conduct its campaigns. Domingos (2006) believed that the purpose of marketers interested in making a successful viral marketing campaign is to identify customers who with high social networking potentials, and then created viral messages that can attract this segment of the customers and have a high likely to keep the message spreading. Viral marketing has received extensive attention from both academics and practitioners these years (Jurvetson, 2000). Base on the analysis before, many authors form their standpoints about the effect that viral marketing strategy can bring to a company. They argue with other authors’ opinions base on their own standpoints. 2.6.1 Positive Effects of Viral Marketing Viral marketing facilitates spreading commercial information and content within the desired target group (Hogan, Lemon and Libai, 2001)). Another advantage of it is that advertisers can expand the promotion reach significantly at a very low company expense (Baker, 2005). According a survey of Duhan, Johnson, Wilcox and Harrell (1997), 35% of the 3000 respondents said a friend’s recommendation would convince them to visit a website they do not know before. These results illustrated the huge potential of viral marketing for communication and distribution purposes. What is great about viral marketing is that it is low cost and works virtually by itself. Once you make an offer and provide the facility, for referrals, viral marketing spreads by itself very faster, just like a virus (Hogan, Lemon and Libai, 2004). Just like Tafe (2007) said that, Hotmail only cost 18 months to get 12 million users by using viral marketing that let users to referral users, it cost nothing to do Ads, only use free email account. Viral marketing has been studied both as an input into consumer decision-making, and as an outcome of the purchase process (Holmes and Lett, 1997). In the pre-purchase stage, as a risk reducing strategy, consumers seek product information by participating in the viral marketing process. Positive and negative messages are examples of exit behaviors exhibited by consumers at the conclusion of a service encounter ((Hogan, Lemon and Libai, 2004) or usage of a product (Naylor and Kleiser, 2000). Anderson (1998) pointed out that viral marketing could â€Å"influence consumers’ choices and purchase decisions, and shape consumers’ expectations, pre-usage attitudes, even post-usage perceptions of a product or service†. It is believed that the influence of viral marketing is much greater than that of classic advertising media (Gremler, Gwinner and Brown, 2001).BMW is a good example, it supply 5 video clips to watch and download for free, and then get over 11 million visitor in 4 months. The sales of BMW car are increase 12.5% in the next year (Hespos, 2002). It seems that video clips and internet can make viral marketing working effectively. Viral marketing has been referred to as product-related conversation, personal recommendations, informal communication, and interpersonal communication (Jacob, Barak and Muller, 2001). There are one big distinction between viral marketing activities and commercial mass communication. As viral marketing is a consumer-dominated channel of information, the communicator is thought to be independent of the marketer (Lau and NG, 2001). As a result, it is recognized by customers as a more reliable, credible, and trustworthy source of information. It provides information concerning product performance and the social and psychological consequences of a purchase decision (Naylor and Kleiser, 2000). For example, Myspace use viral marketing to make the users to referral itself and make a big success (Dwyer, 2007). Viral marketing can convert lower order cognition and affect to higher order cognition and affect, which in turn can lead to committed behaviors of receivers (Baker, 2005). The credibility of viral marketing, coupled with the probability that a receiver will be more highly involved in a viral marketing message than an advertisement, lends itself to the formation of such higher order beliefs and cognition. Through multiple dyads and retransmission, one message can reach and potentially influence many receivers (Henning-Thurau, Gwinner, Walsh and Gremler, 2004). Make good use of the customers’ internet social networks, like using free email referrals and internet chat rooms, the information can spread sharply (Domingos, 2006). The effectiveness of viral marketing can also be explained by the accessibility-diagnosticity model (Hogan, Lemon and Libai, 2004). Some findings suggest that vividly (face-to-face) presented information is more memorable to customers and is weighed more heavily in their judgments (Henning-Thurau, Gwinner, Walsh and Gremler, 2004).such as Myspace, it use the chat rooms that users can talk to each other, even face-to-face through PC camera, and then its information become more reliable and memorable for users (Boyd, 2006). Because of internet, information accessibility increases, it is high likely that this information is used by customers as an input for their judgments and choices also increases (Hogan, Lemon and Libai, 2004). 2.6.2 Negative Effects of Viral Marketing For all its advantages, viral marketing also has many unexpected pitfalls. Most important, companies have almost no control over the viral spread since it was send out, and therefore they can do little if the viral turns to against them and their products (Jurvetson, 2000). â€Å"The action most frequently reported by consumers who are dissatisfied with a purchase or who have rejected or discontinued using a product is telling friends about the experience and urging them to avoid it† (Weinberger and Lepkowska-White, 2000 ). Many researchers have suggested that negative information tends to cause many attention to and weighting of that information (Bristor, 1990). For example, Naylor and Kleiser (2000) found that negative messages destroy the image of a brand are more than twice as strongly as positive WOM promoted sales of that product. Negative message has also led to the failure of many companies’ promotion. Wilson (2000) argues that negative messages would be communicated to more people than positive messages. According to much previous evidence about the spread of marketing information, it is suggested that a negative message may travel farther than a positive message through retransmission. In previous research; the influencer was oft en considering to be an opinion leader. However, a dissatisfied customer who initiates negative message need not be an opinion leader, and yet his opinions can have adverse effects on the marketer (Richins, 1999). For example, Sony try to use Youtube to promote its Playstation consoles, it created an imaginary character called Peter and tried to make the character as a hip -hop shark. However, some clever users soon discovered the wile, and tell many others. Many people then angary with what SONY done, and refuse to buy the playstation consoles. In the end, Sony had to make a public apology to delighted and hold the customers. (Source from Kuruvilla, 2007) 2.6.3 Viral Marketing Effects in B2B For business-to-business companies, it makes sense to begin with a product or service offer that has real, free value to prospects. Examples: an e-mailed newsletter that can easily be forwarded to colleagues, or a product that comes with an incentive, such as gift certificates or coupons, sent via e-mail, which can be passed along to more than one person. Viral marketing can work effective for B2B providers, since the following is true. One very significant effort of viral marketing is to allow others to post articles that you have authored on their Web sites (Lau and NG, 2001). Another way to encourage visitors to spread the word about your product or service is to provide a link or button on each Web page that they can click on to forward your wed site (Goldenberg, Libai and Muller, 2001). While some people may use viral marketing only as buzzwords, there is another significance for B2B marketers. Companies can encourage satisfied customers and referral sources in a credible way and persuade them to spread the positive words for their products. Keep the reward combined with your business and appropriate for the size and type of referral. Ensure that your offer adds value or reward for the referrer and for those people that are referred to you, and then you will have a cost-effective marketing tool to grow your business (Herr, Kardes and Kim, 1999). 2.6.4 Factors Motivating Viral Marketing According to Chen, Iyer and Padmanabhan (2002), viral marketing involves two parties: the communicator and the receiver. Viral marketing will only start when the communicator is motivated to speak and the receiver is motivated to listen. Therefore, in order to understand how the process works, it is very important that understand the inherent motives. In the case of the receiver, motivation to listen may be affected by: (a) source reliability (Blodgett, Granbois and Walters, 1998); (b) interpersonal ties between the sender and receiver (Goldenberg, Libai and Muller, 2001); (c)product and purchasing situation characteristics such as high perceived risk (Bristor, 1990), newness, .and intangibility associated with services (Weinberger and Lepkowska-White, 2000); and (d) situational factors such as conditions where product information may be hard or impossible to get from the marketer, or where there is a shortage of time. In the case of the communicator, motivation to speak may be influenced by: (a) the personality of the communicator, for example, self-confidence (Bristor, 1990) and sociability (Richins, 1999); (b) the attitudes of the communicator, for example, a desire to help others (Lau and NG, 2001) and attitude towards complaining (Singh, 1990); (c) involvement with the product and with the purchase decision (Henning-Thurau, Gwinner, Walsh and Gremler, 2004); and (d) situational factors like â€Å"proximity of others during dissatisfaction† (Lau and NG, 2001). Viral marketing has quickly been recognized by many companies because of many successful examples: Marketers proved that a little budget they could motivate millions customers. They did so by encourage customer-to-customer communication to increase sales, brand awareness, and market share. Seth Godi uploads his ebook on the internet and the people can download for free and has the right to send to their friends. If they like, they can buy a print copy. Only three months, nearly one million people download the e-book. (Source from Tafe, 2007) Receivers getting a marketing message from familiar communicators participate more frequently in a campaign as initial contacts. Because the personal message which come from friends or people you know would be more credible than that coming directly from the self-interest advertiser (Goldenberg, Libai and Muller, 2001). Taking advantage of the inherent nature of internet as communication vehicles viral marketing enables consumers to share information and content within their social network easier and faster, there are without time and location limitation for internet communications (Naylor and Kleiser, 2000). Money incentive can works very effective when a viral marketing not clever and attractive enough for customers. Give referrers a reward can encourage fast spread of the marketing information. Those people who pass on your information can get something in return can encourage their passion to pass on the information. That something may be a gift or service related to your business or simply the knowledge that they have added value for others. 2.7 Measuring Success and Effective Many authors argue that what is a successful campaign? Can it based on the amount of number of people who positively interact with the campaign’s content or the sales created by the campaign? Although no a single measurement system has build up for viral marketing, measurement tools do exist, allow the markers use to tracking the process and effects of viral marketing. It is hard to know whether audiences care about the contents behind the campaigns, what ensure about the marketers maybe how many people see the campaign (Goldenberg, Libai and Muller, 2001). Shirky (2000) believed that viral marketing not always effective as it also have many disadvantages, and many situations would make it fail. The difference between a successful and unsuccessful viral marketing campaign is the campaign’s ability to connect with audiences and persuade them to pass on the message and ultimately the product or service (Kirby, 2006, p.92). Kirby (2006) recognizes that in order to increase the chances of a successful viral campaign many companies are starting to invest more into the planning and implementation of it. Freedma

Medical Care Essay -- Medicine Health Research Papers

Medical Care The United States has moved from an agricultural country, to an industrialized country and from predominately an industrialized country to more of an information and services country. Health care has changed in the way it has operated just as the country has changed. When the United States was an agricultural country, health care was operated by doctors that worked independently providing health care to patients within a set communities or counties. This health care was a fee for service system. However, that fee could often be made on a barter type system. In that system patients would trade goods for services. As the country transitioned to an industrial society, health care had transitioned as well. Health care providers set up group offices that allowed the health care providers to support each other, when necessary, in providing care to their clients. Health care has primarily focused on providing health care for the patients on a "Fee-for-Service" type payment system. Now that the country has entered in the information and services markets, health care has developed a method to transitions into the information and services markets as well. Today, health care providers have added an additional option to their clients. This option is known as Managed Care. Both of these health care payment types are available today, but managed care is starting to lead the way in the health care industry. Fee for service is defined as a patient sees a medical provider for medical service and the medical provider will bill the health plan of the patient or the patient will pay the medical provider for services and has an option to be reimbursed by the health plan, if applicable. (Arnett & Trapneil, 1984) This was the do... ... Freeland, Michael S. and Schendler, Charles E., "National Health Expenditure Growth in the 1980's: An Aging Population, New Technologies, and Increasing competition," Health care Financing Review, 1983. Kongstvedt, Peter R., M.D. and Young, Ernst LLP, "The Managed Health Care Handbook," Third Edition, Aspen Publication Gaithersburg, Maryland, 1996. Rober, William L., M.D., "Does Managed Care Provide Higher Quality Care Than Fee-For-Service Medicine?" http://www.wnet,org/archive/mch/Viewpoints/procon3.html. The Commonwealth Fund, "A Survey of Patients in managed Care and Fee-for-Service Settings - Three-City Survey Finds Working Americans Dissatisfied." http://www.cmwf.org/health_care/mgdcrhtl.html. United States Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), "Medicare Care Contract Report," Rockville, Maryland, DHHS, 1995.

Environmental Law Essay -- essays research papers

Nollan vs. CCC Abstract of: 483 U.S. 825, 97 L. Ed.2d 677 James Patrick Nollan, et ux., Appellant v. California Coastal Commission. Case Definition: The case is Nollan versus the California Coastal Commission. The Nollans were the appellates against a decision made by the California Coastal Commission (CCC). The Nollans had been leasing a property on the California coast with which they had an option to buy. The property lies directly at the foot of the Pacific Ocean and is a prime piece of real estate on the California Coast. The property had been used by the Nollans to rent out during the summer months to vacationers. At the end of the Nollans’ lease they took the option to purchase the land and began preparing for the terms of purchase by the previous land owner. Among those terms was the demolishing of the small deteriorating bungalow that the Nollans had been leasing. The Nollans had planned to expand the structure from the small bungalow that it was to a three bedroom house more complimentary to the surrounding homes and their needs. In order to begin destruction of the property and begin rebuilding the site the Nollans had to secure a permit from the California Coastal Commission. Upon submitting the permit application, the CCC found that the permit should be granted on the condition that the Nollans provide public access to the beach and to the local county park, which lay adjacent to the property. This provision called for the Nollans to use a portion of thei...

Geographical Effects on Cooking and Preparation :: Research Cooking Geogrpahy Papers

Geographical Effects on Cooking and Preparation Abstract: This paper will attempt to show others the differences and similarities in food preparation due to differences in altitudes. Accordingly, this paper will explore the adjustments necessary to cook in different locations and at different elevations. This paper is of interest to me because I live at an elevation of over 10,572 feet. The backs of boxes do not indicate changes of this type. This also interests me because I have a joy for being in the kitchen. National Standards: A group of parents, educators, business people, and organizations has developed a list of standards for educators to use as a reference in order to make the United States internationally competitive (14, p 9). These standards should apply to this paper and to all geography related topics. Three standards have been chosen to focus the attention of this paper. The first one is number six; "Knows and understands that culture and experiences influence people’s perception of places and experiences." This applies because there will be a different perspective on cooking for those who live in low altitudes than to those who live at higher ones. The second one that applies is number 14; "Knows and understands how the earth’s physical and human systems are connected and interact." It is because of the physical surroundings that the human system of cooking is altered. Finally, number 18: "Knows and understands how to apply geography to interpret the present and the future." This standard is used to show that at present there are still a lot of experiments to complete, so that perhaps in the future we will be better prepared to adjust to higher elevations. Introduction: As the twenty-first century is rapidly approaching people have a lot on their minds; wars, shortages of fuel leading to higher gas prices, possible computer crashes, and who will be the prominent leaders, among other things. This paper is designed to allow the reader to escape into the world nearly everyone enjoys, eating. Food is required to sustain life. Even small children know that fact; however, not everyone knows that food also has emotional and psychological effects. Food is the source of security, satisfaction, hospitality, and status (1, p 8). Involved in the last of these, status, is a large element of social interaction and acceptance. Accordingly, the area in which a person lives is one of the largest factors determining the eating habits a person develops (1, p 2).

How and why does Iago convince Othello of Desdmona’s infidelity?

Shakespeare is often referred to as the greatest playwright that ever lived. His comedies have made many laugh, his tragedies many have cried over and romances that have touched millions. Shakespeare's writing although hundreds of years old are always relevant to our lives because that is what they are about, life. Shakespeare deals with all aspects of human nature and flaws. He greatly exaggerates a particular flaw in each of his tragic heroes. This flaw brings about their downfall. In the course of one conversation Iago convinces a man who loves his wife completely that she is in fact having an affair with one of his most trusted subjects without using one shred of proof or any real basis. This is a man who can make the most innocent of people guilty and the most loved, hated. He uses many tactics to persuade Othello that Desdemona is cheating on him with Cassio, the reason, is revenge. Iago is a very cunning and manipulative man. He is also often irrational and erratic. He will go to any means to get what he wants and in this case he doesn't mind ruining three people in the process. At the beginning of the play we hear of Iago's rage at the fact that Cassio was made lieutenant instead of him. Iago feels that he was the better candidate and deserves the position. Iago isn't hard pushed to find a way of getting revenge. Othello often says that without Desdemona he would be in chaos, â€Å"But I do love thee; and when I love thee not, chaos is come again. † Iago uses this, because he wants to create chaos, which is one of the major themes of the play. Other major themes include relationships, jealousy, love and deceit. Luck provides him with the opportunity to stage an affair between Cassio and Desdemona, driving Othello to insanity and resulting in the death of Desdemona and Othello. Iago becomes very jealous of Othello because of his position in the Venetian Army. He is also sexually attracted to Desdemona but that is not a real reason for hating Othello, his mind concocts stories which he believes are true and thus making himself think acceptable to take revenge on Othello by sleeping with his wife. Iago believes that Othello has slept with his wife Emilia, â€Å"leapt into his seat†, he wants revenge for this too, â€Å"not out of absolute lust†. He wants to sleep with Desdemona for revenge not just for pleasure. He appears to be sexually frustrated as he also presumes that Cassio has also slept with Emilia, â€Å"I fear Cassio with me nightcap too†. Throughout the play he often refers to sex as lustful and nothing to do with love. This is emphasised in his disbelief that Othello and Desdemona's relationship is based on love. Through this we have to consider the reasons why he feels this way. Can he not love someone? He finds it easy enough to kill his own wife at the end of the play, yet is constantly reaffirming his â€Å"love† for Othello. We know he uses this as a tactic for Othello to gain faith in Iago, but could there be more? This plot is an obsession for Iago, his jealousy rules him. Could this mission be his only love? To understand how Iago convinces Othello that Desdemona is having an affair with Cassio we must look at the events beforehand which Iago directs to his own advantage. It starts when Cassio and Desdemona greet each other; Iago forms the plan that Cassio will be target. Cassio and Desdemona are friendly to each other and Iago can see how this could appear to be more than just friendship. Didst thou not see her paddle with the palm of his hand? † In Elizabethan times this was deemed as highly intimate and personal, this would have been an activity that only a couple would engage in. By claiming that Cassio was stroking Desdemona's hand, he is suggesting that they are a couple or intimate with each other. Iago sees the opportunity and uses his knowledge of Cassio to get him into a fight with Roderigo. Iago knows that this will outrage Othello and Cassio will want to redeem himself. Iago has planted the circumstances for Cassio to plead with Desdemona so that she will speak to Othello on Cassio's behalf. Iago knows that Desdemona will take up Cassio's plight for she is a good person. â€Å"I will beseech the virtuous Desdemona to undertake for me†. Desdemona doesn't realise that Iago is abusing her goodwill so that it will bring about her own downfall. Othello doesn't see it as strange that Desdemona is supporting Cassio for he knows what type of person she is. It is Iago that uses this as a basis for an affair between Cassio and Desdemona. Iago fools many of the main characters. He only gets away with this because they trust him and this protects him from any questioning. His cunning means that the events can occur, building the play. He uses this to his own benefit, talking Cassio into pleading with Desdemona and inducing Othello to believe that Desdemona is having an affair. Throughout the play Iago is described as an â€Å"honest† man, which to the audience seems ironic because really everything the man says they know to be a lie. Desdemona describes as, â€Å"o that's an honest fellow†, Othello thinks â€Å"This fellow's of exceeding honest,† and Cassio too sees him as honest, â€Å"†¦ honest Iago. † It surprises the audience that the characters are so blind to Iago's faults but then we must understand that he has never done anything that could make them doubt him. He is an idyllic picture, a man who is loyal and trustworthy, they could never imagine that he is capable of deceit. Iago's effectiveness at noticing innocent situations and making them look suspect is another way in which he gets Othello to believe in Desdemona's unfaithfulness. When Othello first enters the room at the start of Act III Scene III, Cassio hurriedly leaves the room after speaking with Desdemona. Cassio does this completely innocently, he leaves because he doesn't want to annoy Othello any more than he has already, he feels disgraced and is ashamed, and he cannot face Othello. Iago successfully twists this situation- â€Å"That he would steal away so guilty like- seeing you coming. † Iago explains Cassio's guilt as that he has been sleeping with Desdemona. Of course the reader knows that is not true, but to Othello, the way that he hurries away, once pointed out to him by Iago, does look very suspicious. This is even more enhanced in Othello's mind when immediately afterwards Desdemona starts defending Cassio and pesters Othello to re-instate him. This combined with Iago's perverting of the situation looks very abnormal to Othello. Iago convinces Othello that Desdemona is sleeping with Cassio by very through very calculated steps. In each instance he builds on Othello's insecurities and his trust in him. He is successful in commanding the lack of evidence to his own advantage. Othello trusts Iago as he sees him as a loyal subject. Iago starts by questioning Cassio and Othello's relationship. He does this by asking suggestive questions, â€Å"Did Michael Cassio, when you wooed my lady know of your love? † By doing this he is making Othello consider their past and what effect it could have on the present. When Othello questions him further he refuses to answer a question directly. â€Å"Honest my lord? † By doing this it is as if he is trying to protect Othello, by keeping something from him. This will make Othello want to know the truth even more as it is human nature to be curious; after all we all want to know details especially if you know that really you shouldn't hear it. For Othello to believe in what Iago is about to tell him Othello must trust him. Iago needs to know that his news will not be instantly dismissed, he does this by the affirmation of his love. † My lord you know I love you†. This is his basis, if you genuinely trust someone you believe in what they tell you. Othello and Iago had fought together in wars and it is most likely that they had often held each other's lives in their hands. So Othello would never believe that Iago would turn against him so suddenly, especially as for the large majority of the play, Iago looks to be nothing more than a completely loyal servant to Othello. He refuses to tell Othello what he's thinking. â€Å"Utter my thoughts? Why say they are vile and false? † He doesn't want to say anything bad or untrue, after all he is Othello's loyal servant and would not want to hurt him. He also doesn't want to leave himself out for blame by playing this way he can say that Othello pressurised the information out of him even when he wasn't sure it was true. Iago is good at planting ideas. † O beware my lord of jealousy†. Iago suggests what Othello should be thinking and feeling. Even if Othello wasn't previously jealous because maybe he didn't believe fully, now Iago has told him exactly what he should be feeling. By warning Othello has in fact put it in his utmost mind. Iago plays on the fact that Othello is not of Venetian society. He explains that there are differences in social attitudes. † In Venice they do not let God see the pranks they have not shown their husbands†. Othello cannot question this as he is from a different background and already feels compromised. Although when in Venice, he appears to be a strong-minded character, proves to have low self-esteem, this low opinion of himself may stem from being racially self-conscious. But some may argue that race would not have been an issue, it is more to do with the fact that he comes from a different society, an outsider who knows little of how their expectations. Although no mention is ever made of it, Othello views himself as different, which he is, from the rest of Venetian society. In was shock to everyone and probably even Othello that one of the most eligible women in Venice has fallen in love with him. So when Iago starts telling Othello of a relationship between Cassio and his wife, the rumours about Desdemona and the fact that she had refused men of higher status than Othello, â€Å"Not to affect many proposed matches of her own clime, complexion and degree†¦ † he believes it may be true. Also he reminds Othello of what her father said when he first found out about Desdemona planning to marry Othello without his consent- â€Å"Look to her Moor, if thou hast eyes to see: She has deceived her father and may thee†. To which Othello replies â€Å"My life upon her faith†. Much of Othello deals with pride and reputation, for Othello now to hear about Desdemona's unfaithfulness, after he replied so convincingly that he trusts her completely, would certainly start to worry him. After all, if what Iago had been telling Othello was true, then Othello had been made to look a complete fool by Desdemona in a very short period of time. Iago often uses very crude language and often refers to animal imagery. He belittles Othello and Desdemona's relationship, regarding it in its most instinctive form, a sexual relationship, â€Å"†¦ you'll have your daughter covered with a Barbary horse;† Othello however approaches it as serious and loving relationship, â€Å"†¦ Nor to comply with heat the young affects in me defunct and proper satisfaction; But to be free and bounteous to her mind. † That is why the audience is particularly amazed that Othello resorts to animalistic images too. Othello refers to Desdemona as â€Å"haggard†, a hawk that cannot be tamed. He also refers to himself as a â€Å"toad†; this is a far cry from the man who stood in front of the Duke and other important men of Venice declaring his love. Shakespeare uses this technique to show us that Othello has lost his confidence and is no longer self-assured. As he becomes more and more angry his control through his speech begins to slip, no longer does he speak in long flowing sentences but now in exclamations, which hints at his loss of capability to loose his temper. He is also speaking in a similar way to Iago, This may symbolise that he has come to think in the same manner. These images show us the depth of Othello's jealousy, the woman he loved he now disparage. When Othello begins to fall into the trap that Iago has set out, there is only one thing that would convince him completely. The principal method that Iago uses to convince Othello of Desdemona's infidelity is by using one of Othello's most treasured possessions and telling Othello that his wife, Desdemona has given it away to her lover, Cassio. The handkerchief was the first gift he gave to Desdemona, so it possesses enormous sentimental value to Othello. Finding out that Desdemona has given it away shows her as inimical. It must have hurt and angered him, after all the woman he loves and is married to has given away without a care for him, would almost certainly anger him, for in Othello's mind she has thought the handkerchief to be a meaningless piece of cloth. Iago tells Othello that he saw Cassio wiping his mouth with it, much like a rag. † I know not that; but such a handkerchief- I am sure it was your wife's- did I today. See Cassio wipe his beard with†. This enough proof for Othello to be convinced that Iago is telling the truth and for him to kill both Desdemona and Cassio. Within these three says let me hear thee say that Cassio's not alive. † And, â€Å"I will withdraw to furnish me with some swift means of death for the fair devil. † The fair devil refers to Desdemona. This oxymoron suggests that Othello still sees her as divine and yet he has lost his faith in her. Of course, the main way Iago fools Othello is by pure luck. That luck being that a lot of the things that Cassio and Desdemona say and do fall right into the trap and further convince Othello of a relationship between the two of them. When he first sees them together and Cassio scurries away, Iago jumps on the opportunity. Another example of this is found further on in the play when by controlling the circumstances Iago gets Cassio to talk disparagingly about Bianca, while Othello thinks the conversation is about Desdemona. The luck of this situation is gargantuan; one mention of the name Bianca and Othello would realise that Cassio was really speaking about her, fortuitously for Iago, Cassio does not mention Bianca's name once in the entire conversation. Shakespeare often presents the true feelings of the characters through soliloquies. Through Iago's soliloquy we see that Iago is an opportunist and amoral. The Moor already changes with my poison†¦ † This line shows that Iago's plan is having the desired effect. Other characters in Shakespeare's plays have shown conscience to the fact that they are doing wrong, and have felt some remorse, we can see this in Macbeth's soliloquy, â€Å"First, as I am his kinsman and his subject, strong both against the deed; then, as his host, who should against his murderer shut the door, not bear the knife myself. † But Iago shows no wavering, he is convinced that this is the right thing to do, â€Å"Burn like the mines of sulphur,† he wants Othello to fall from grace as revenge for instating Cassio over him. It is most disconcerting to think that Iago almost takes pleasure from Othello's torment, â€Å"Nor all the drowsy syrup of the world, shall medicine thee to that sweet sleep which thou ow'dst yesterday. † Othello is the typical â€Å"tragic hero† that Shakespeare incorporated in many of his works, a man who sets out to do his very best, but through one flaw he is bought down. This has an enormous effect on the audience. The audience know that he is a good man, but circumstances are working against him, leaving the audience frustrated at his own idiocy for not realising and making the amendments. Often as the audience we feel like screaming at him for being so blind to the facts, we are drained of our emotions. Shakespeare intended this; he used the ancient Greek method of Catharsis. Shakespeare had to make the main character likeable enough for the audience to warm to him and suffer his pain, but still make sure that in the end his tragic flaw shone through. Othello's main flaw is his jealousy. Othello's other flaws are pride and gullibility. Iago however can not be blamed for everything; he did not murder Desdemona nor kill Othello. The characters must have a motive of their own and therefore is there not a basis for Othello to be pushed into murdering his wife? Many would say that by removing Iago the couple would live happily ever after, but mustn't there be a reason for why Othello was pushed so readily into murder. Othello acts like a confident man when in Venice, he has the support of his wife and men like Cassio. Remove the safety of that support and you would find a man alone in a foreign country which has different values and expectations, maybe in reality Othello knew that he could not belong in Venetian society and not with Desdemona. Our view of Othello progresses as the play develops. The first mention of Othello is by Iago; he presents him to the audience as someone with poor judgement as he has promoted the wrong person and through repellent sexual images, as someone grotesque. Yet others, like the Duke see Othello as â€Å"†¦ valiant†¦ † From the beginning Othello is authoritative and confident, but without the knowledge that Desdemona is faithful to him, he collapses. Othello's lack of judgement is shown when he lets suspicion of Desdemona having an affair with Cassio take over his mind, stopping all rational thought. He asks the opinion of Emilia (Desdemona's handmaid and Iago's wife) â€Å"You have seen nothing then? † Even though she replied â€Å"Nor ever heard, nor ever did suspect† he does not believe her because his poisoned mind can't accept it. This is an issue that reigned in the Elizabethan times, people of his social status could not loose their power, it disrupted the hierarchy and made those below them feel uneasy. Society was very structured and those at the top would have a ripple effect on everyone below. We also notice in Shakespeare's plays that the tragic hero is always a man of position, Kings, noble men or army officials. This is so that they have a position to fall from, there would be no point in having an ordinary man in a story like this, the tragic hero is meant to be almost perfect, but not quite. This can be linked to the tragic hero King Lear; he is far too trusting and divides his country between his two treacherous daughters, which inevitably leads to his death. Through King Lear Shakespeare looks at madness and through the character of Othello he shows us how the people we surround ourselves with can create this. In the play, â€Å"King Lear†, King Lear has to deal with betrayal by his daughters in a similar way to which Othello is betrayed by his trusted friend, Iago and he believes his wife too. Like Othello Lear looks for justice instead of the revenge that Iago seeks. â€Å"It shall be done; I will arraign them straight. Come, sit thou here most learned justicer. â€Å"(King Lear, Act 3 scene 6) it indicates that a desire of order and justice is starting to replace the chaos and thoughts of savage revenge in Lear's mind; it marks the start of his journey away from insanity. This insanity is similar to what Iago creates in Othello, he creates jealousy and through that chaos. All of the main themes are present in Act III Scene III. The fight of good against evil is represented in Othello's struggle with Iago. The theme of chaos verses order is shown through Othello's gradual recede in anguish. Othello's overpowering jealousy blinding him from the truth and Iago's revenge which bring about the chaos and evil. Despite wanting to kill his wife Othello's love for her still remains. In his soliloquy before killing Desdemona he states his love for her, however Othello thinks murder is the only punishment worthy of betrayal â€Å"yet she must die, else she'll betray more men†. Othello's jealousy is now at peak level, he still can't show rational thought and is blind about the true horror he is about to do. Even when he speaks to her and she denies ever giving Cassio the handkerchief he doesn't believe her, â€Å"Yes, presently; therefore confess thee freely of thy sin; for to deny each article with oath cannot remove nor choke the strong conception that I do groan withal. Thou art to die. † It is ironic that Othello believes every lie that Iago fed him and yet cannot believe a single truth that the woman he loves tells him. â€Å"I never did offend you in my life; never lov'd Cassio but with such general warranty of heaven as I might love; I never gave him token. † After killing his bride he is brought out of his trance and realises the mistakes he has made. Iago's scheme is brought out into the open. Emilia brings out the scheme when the truth is told about the true goings on. At this point in the play Othello's heroic qualities are put on show for the audience once more. â€Å"Speak of me as I am; nothing extenuate, nor set down aught in malice: then, must you speak of one that lov'd not wisely but too well; of one not easily jealous, but, being wrought, perplex'd in the extreme. † Having realised the horror of the situation he takes full blame for his actions and commits suicide and lies next to his beloved bride to die. Iago is a man who is out for his own gain, and there are many people in our society who are like him. He is a character who knows how to direct circumstances to his own purpose, unfortunately the other character do not see this and are spun into his web of lies. By luck and tactics like planting ideas and evidence he is able to persuade Othello into thinking that Desdemona is having an affair and get his revenge. Through this catharsis we realise that in Iago Shakespeare has created that ultimate embodiment of evil and malice.

Meaningful Social Studies Essay

The democratic principles and ideals of citizenship reinforces effective companionable studies. By management on rights, responsibilities, and respect, a solid base of accessible studies acquaintance and skills develops civic competence. The foundation of four spirit disciplines, or strands, from the social sciences argon geography, civics, economics, and history. They be the Louisiana frame manoeuver for social studies. separately of these disciplines offers a distinct aspect for examining the universe of discourse. indoors these strands, other social sciences, such(prenominal) as anthropology and sociology, atomic number 18 incorporated. 103. Louisiana Content Standards posterior SkillsThe Louisiana Content Standards Task draw out has developed the quest foundational skills which should apply to only disciples in all(prenominal) disciplines Communication, Problem result, option Access and Utilization, and Linking and Generating Knowledge. Through research, act ivities, discussions, and real-life experiences, children can and pull up stakes look at that mixture can be positive and socially enriching. A pluralistic perspective involves students mental synthesis unbiased, open-minded views towards diversity among their fellow human beings. T to each unrivaleders of this generation soak up the combined blessing and challenge of dower students acquit the closely of a world that is rapidly changing. pupils must develop the perspective that cultural and philosophical differences are undeniable and desirable qualities of a democratic companionship (NCSS, 1994).I chose the concept of Problem firmness of purpose for Grade 6-8th in which I depart be teaching in the get on future. Problem resolving position an prohibition or challenge and workout ups the application of knowledge and thinking processes which include reasoning, finding fashioning, and enquiry in order to reach a solution using multiple pathways, horizontal when no routine path is apparent. deliverance students into contact with other peoples various views and conflicting values is rattling important. In the school and local community, therefore, hassle solving/inquiry problems are most often found. Questioning and cooperative schooling are two strategies that are often used to support meaningful erudition.Questioning. This is where all attainment begins. The types of questions instructors use guide students conflict in the lesson (Harvey & Goudvis, 2000). The tally of clock time a teacher waits between asking questions and life history on students for responses, or responding to answers, affects student responses (Rowe, 1996). On average, teachers wait less than a chip before calling on a student or responding to a students comment, this has been proven by classroom research. If the teacher wait 3 or to a greater extent seconds before calling on a student or acknowledging a response, this can increase the length of student resp onses, the number of beguile responses, and the cognitive level of the responses.Questions should be planned in advance, hit to the lesson activities, and are written into lesson plans. The Learning wheel lessons begin with questions that all students hold a chance to answer. All answers are trustworthy by the teacher blush though round answers whitethorn explain more than others. In the class such questions intermeshed by all of the students. In every learning cycle a primeval key question is planned for the searching phase. In a lesson waying on the concept of presidential elections, for ex tidy, the teacher may ask the key question What do you have to do to be pick out president? This is an open question that involves each student in thinking rough the important idea of the lesson. Development phase, questions focusing student inquiry on the main concepts, skills, and attitudes of the lesson is done during the lesson. During the lesson breeding, many questions are narrow down or closed. Questions are used to do students apply the concept in a new context, during the expansion phase of the lesson. On open questions, the emphasis is greater although some closed questions may be used. do of Emphasizing schoolchild dictationWhat students learn is influenced by how they are taught, the quality of person and social processes occurring in the classroom, and the perceptions and understanding of social studies as a subject to be taught and learned (NCSS, 1994b).Matching instructional Strategies to Student NeedsOne aim of procreation is to help students be self-directing (NCSS, 1994a, pp. 1112). The amount of student take for during the learning process, is a key factor. The categories, in order from least to greatest student control, are expository, maneuver disc everyplacey, and inquiry and problem solving/decision making. An appropriate instructional strategy is chosen by the teacher that matches the students level of social studies content , skill, attitudinal objectives, and developmental needs. These instructional methods are very effective and appropriate in assist students attain a particular level of learning objective. in compriseative, or Direct, Instructional Methods Lower Student ControlStudents are provided with little control oer the direction or extent of the learning process using the informative instructional methods, or direct instruction method. bodily function lessons using expository methods include the following characteristics * The teacher controls the situation, providing adequate directions and motivation. The teacher provides ample opportunities to practice the skill in a wide variety of situations. * The teacher supplies agile and continuous feedback focusing on even off answers. * The teacher uses lecture and closed, narrow questions to control the learning situation however must provide extensive and adequate directions for the student.Expository direct inquiry/Problem Solving huski ng and Decision MakingExpository methods require external motivation and thrifty classroom management. Only lower levels of learning recall and memorization are produced by these methods. Development of the affective areas of attending and willingness to induce information is facilitated by Expository methods. These methods are occasionally useful in the lesson development phase of the learning cycle in which the teacher explains the key idea of the lesson and the lesson focus involves the need for recall (Rosenshine, 1986). Guided Discovery Instructional Methods Mixed Teacher and Student ControlStudents are involved in activities related to a concept and form an understanding of them when using guided husking instructional methods before they are offered or explained by the teacher. A problem to go over is created by the teacher and he/or she patch ups procedures and materials needed, but students collect and analyze assumeive information and evaluate the results as they rela te to the problem. Guided discovery has four characteristics. 1. Students are provided with the time and opportunity to study relationships in selective information and form a new idea. 2. Students use several activities focusing on one concept, generalization, value, or skill. 3. Students main role is to analyse and discover answers to the questions posed, discussing and displaying data to do so.4. The teacher provides directions and asks questions that help students begin activities with the learned resources selected.From data students can learn inquiry skills such as inferring, predicting, organizing, interpreting, and draw conclusions. query and Problem-Solving/Decision-Making Instructional Methods Greater Student ControlInquiry involving significant student control over the direction the lesson takes, is the third social studies instructional method. The Students create a problem to investigate, determine procedures and materials needed, collect and analyze data, and evalua te results. These lessons have five characteristics 1. Students are competent in staple fiber social studies inquiry skills. 2. Students select problem areas to investigate.3. Students work in groups, orally reporting the results of investigations. 4. The teacher guides students in delineate the problem to investigate and in helping to identify resources.5. A safe and demonstrative of(predicate) classroom environment is maintained. Activities using the Inquiry method are intrinsically prompt because students direct their own learning. A first-grader even is likely to use higher mind processes during an inquiry. For example, a young students social studies project could involve making a design showing where items in her personal materials basket (scissors, attach stick, crayons, etc.) should be placed. After the student lists three or more problems with the basket, such as the glue stick always falling over, the drawing is made. This allows the student to ask questions, commu nicate information, make inferences, and build prediction. Facts may form the basic content of the narrative, when writing stories about the experience, but students also often make inferences and constrain generalizations.In inquiry and problem-solving/decision-making method activities, students are involved in practicing the full operate of inquiry skills. Key social studies ideas and skills are carefully selected and is needed because inquiry methods slim down the amount of material covered to a greater extent than other instructional methods. Meaningful learning of generalizations and higher-order inquiry skills, as well as improved long memory and transfer of learning, occurs. Problem solving and decision making is what inquiry focuses on mainly. Students plan how they can participate and work together (Dunfee & Sagl, 1967 Meyerson & Secules, 2001).ConclusionBy building on a core of effective practices in teaching and by plan activities and lessons with learning objectives in place, teachers encourage students to use their strengths and to respond successfully to challenges. They support students as active learners in meaningful activities. counsel on helping young students identify multiple perspectives on issues and problems is a major learning outcome related to spherical issues. So also is discussing what are goodly and positive actions, moral positions, and appropriate behaviors.References inquiry & Evaluation Strategies for Early Childhood learning. question In Early ChildhoodEducation in Handbook Research on the Education of Younger Children. Springer (2007). Retrieved from http//ww.library.gcu.edu.2048/login?qurl.http$3A2F%2F%www.credoreference.com/ initiation/sprihsei/table_of_contents. tender Studies Content Standards Division of Adminstration www.doc.louisiana.gov/osr/28v121/28v121.pdfSunal-Szymanski, C. & Haas, M.E. Social Studies for the Elementary & Middle GradesA shaping Approach, (4th Ed.). Published by Allyn & Bacon copyright (2011) byPearson Education, Inc.The Evolving Role of Teachers In Effective Schools in Springer outside(a) Handbooks ofEducation International Handbooks of School Effectiveness and Improvement.