Cigarettes in America Essay - 1450 Words

In the United States, when a disease is rapid, many steps are taken to reduce causes and find cures for the disease; walks, fundraisers, commercials and research are held by those that are committed to assist in the elimination of these diseases and the treatment of the sick. The leading causes of death in the United States are heart disease, cancer, stroke, and chronic respiratory disease. The most deadly origin of disease is cigarette smoking. A cigarette contains many harmful chemicals that damage the smokers’ body as well as the people that surround the smoker. Its negative impacts regarding health carry more burdens than what some may say is the â€Å"positive† social outcome of smoking. Tobacco was originally used as a heavy sedative†¦show more content†¦There is no rehab for cigarette smokers. They want to stop hurting themselves and if the government made cigarettes illegal then the choice to stop smoking would be an easier to accomplish. It’s po ssible for cigarettes to kill ten million people by the year 2020, if cigarettes were made illegal think of all of the lives that could be saved. Cigarettes are highly addictive, which is mainly due to the ingredient nicotine. Tobacco is contains thousands of different chemicals and at least 50 of them are known carcinogens and many of the other ingredients are poisonous. Nicotine is a hard habit to quit, more than half of smokers say they wish they could quit yet despite the gum, patches and other remedies many cannot. Imagine waking up every day, smoking a cigarette, and knowing that you’re adversely affecting everything that surrounds you. Imagine feeling horrible about smoking but have a greater need to satisfy your nicotine addiction. Imagine seeing your young child cough upon inhalation of secondhand smoke and knowing that they too are inhaling the poisonous and carcinogenic compounds. Cigarettes not only cause illness to cigarette smokers but innocent bystanders as well. There have been numerous studies that indicate secondhand smoke can be just as harmful, if not more, that that of direct cigarette smoke. This means that when a toddler plays near his parent who is a smoker, the child is exposed to the fumes and reaps the detrimentalShow MoreRelatedCigarettes Should Be Banned in America774 Words   |  3 Pagesopinions when it comes to banning cigarettes all around America. If you smoke, you usually have a different opinion then those who don’t smoke cigarettes, but it’s something that does need to be taken control of and stopped. It isn’t only a nasty addiction, but its threatening people’s lives, and even those lives of the ones who don’t smoke. It isn’t okay to let minors get cigarettes, or put yourself in the position of getting a disease or dying, so why keep smoking in America and let this awful addictionRead MoreC igarettes : America s Most Detrimental Drug982 Words   |  4 PagesCigarettes: America’s Most Detrimental Drug INTRODUCTION Many drugs are used, misused, and abused in American society today. Some of these carry stigma in the general population, forcing users into an underground drug subculture. Others are accepted and almost promoted under certain circumstances. Tobacco is one of those drugs. Tobacco will be discussed in the context of cigarette smoking. This is not to undermine the existence or danger of other forms of tobacco, but instead to have an exhaustiveRead MoreAmerica s Vaping Revolution : How Suspicious Should We Really Be Of The E Cigarette Craze941 Words   |  4 Pagesis how un-informed people are on the vaping world also known as e-cigarettes. For that I have chosen an article called America’s vaping revolution: How suspicious should we really be of the e-cigarette craze by Noah Charney posted on Sunday, Dec 7th, 2014. This article is about what e-cigarettes are, where they came from and their uses and effects that they can cause. I’m choosing this article because vapi ng (smoking E-cigarettes) is something that not a lot of people understand. Some people believeRead MoreProblem/Solution Essay623 Words   |  3 PagesEach year in America, at least 400,000 Americans lose their lives to cigarettes. This is at least one out of every five Americans. This epidemic is growing on a daily basis. Smoking can damage your body tremendously. Smoking can damage your lungs, brain, and heart. Smoking is a problem not only for human beings, but for America as a whole. Smoking pollutes the air. Cigarettes are made from 4,000 different chemical compounds and 400 toxic substances. Smoking is also bad for America because of â€Å"second-handRead MoreSecrets Of The Tobacco Industry884 Words   |  4 Pagesdocumentary, Sex, Lies, and Cigarettes: Secrets of the Tobacco Industry by director, Alex Simmons, Vanguard sends correspondent, Christof Putzel to Jakarta, Indonesia to investigate the tobacco industry there. The documentary talks about how America no longer allows cigarette and tobacco ads and commercials, instead the country focuses scare tactic ads that stop people from smoking or keeps them from starting. The tobacco industry is losing millions of dollars in America so they’re moving overseasRead MoreEssay about Electronic Cigarette Legalization Analysis982 Words   |  4 PagesSince 2008, Electronic Cigarettes have become widely popular across the United State s, despite the obvious health benefits the long term health effects of â€Å"smoking† electronic cigarettes are still unknown to researchers today. Electronic Cigarettes are the answer to a safer method of consuming nicotine despite its more popular tobacco products. Even though the effects of consuming large amounts of nicotine in a persons’ system is unknown, the unbanning of electronic cigarettes in Los Angeles decreaseRead MoreTobacco Advertisement: Why Restrict Marketing of Tobacco Products that Creates a Tremendous Amount of Revenue and Jobs in America1604 Words   |  7 PagesGuns do not kill people; people kill people. Cigarettes do not kill people; people who choose to smoke are killing themselves. The health risks of using tobacco are common knowledge. It is a known fact that if someone smokes their chance of getting lung cancer is increased drastically, yet so many Americans choose to do so. The FDA is taking steps to tighten the rules of tobacco marketing , some of these rules will include prohibiting self-service tobacco displays in stores, restricting vending-machineRead MoreChanges in Cigarette Advertistments Since the 20th Century Essay623 Words   |  3 Pageseffectiveness and efficiency of advertising and the most common advertising techniques focus on appealing to their targeted audience through appropriate persuasive language and visual elements. This paper will explore the evolution of cigarette advertisements from America by the use of language and images in advertisements, and find out how it links to consumer behavior and significant events throughout the 20th century. As a large section of public opinion is shaped through media and mass communicationRead MoreCase Study : Cvs Health Announced854 Words   |  4 PagesOverview of case: CVS Health announced in 2014 that it wanted to stop selling all tobacco related products. This will affect every CVS location in the United States of America. The problem that arises in the U.S. is the usage of tobacco products. As a successful pharmacy chain and a lucrative company, CVS health wants to do its best to strengthen the health of American citizens. In order to solve the tobacco problem, the health professionals are taking it upon themselves to make a difference. IfRead MoreTaking a Look at Smoking1682 Words   |  7 Pagesthe drug known as nicotine. The main reason people smoke a cigarette is to ingest the drug nicotine. Nicotine triggers the release of dopamine, which stimulates a general good feeling in the body, and epinephrine, more commonly known as adrenaline. Along with with the increased energy and good feeling, cigarettes have a small array of other benefits. Smoking suppresses a person’s appetite which leads to smokers having less obesity than

Development Of Exceptional And Special Needs Children Essay

The early childhood sector is increasing rapidly across the Caribbean. Some of these centres just came about in an ad hoc manner due to the demand for day care services; recognising how important early childhood development is, governments and other officials are being faced with the task of ensuring that quality early childhood education is provided. This essay seeks to discuss teachers’ expectations, sensitivities, priorities and values that contribute to the quality of all pupils learning and explore the extent to which policies in St. Vincent and the Grenadines supports the development of exceptional and special needs children. The expectations of professionals impact directly on children’s motivation, self-esteem and self-efficacy (Uszynska, 2007; Morales, 2010). Students process information at varying pace, because of individual cognitive development, as well as their different living environment and socio-economic backgrounds. Therefore, educators need to recognize their differences and meet the diverse needs of their students. Exploring Policy Here in St. Vincent and the Grenadines the Prime Minister Ralph Gonsalves established a no child left behind policy. This signifies a step towards inclusion as the new paradigm in the education system. Children who are slow learners, the government of St. Vincent and the Grenadines are making provision for persons to assist these slower learners in the classroom by providing remedial teachers. These teachers are beingShow MoreRelatedInclusive Education For Children With Disabilities1631 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Inclusive education is where children with disabilities receive special education services in the general education setting. Many factors can make inclusion difficult or complex. Accommodating instruction to meet the educational needs of all students is one of the most fundamental problems in education. Many argue that inclusive practices benefit all students. While others argue that inclusive education is inadequately designed to meet the needs of exceptional students. Benefits of inclusiveRead MoreThe Teaching Philosophy of Exceptional Children Essay869 Words   |  4 PagesThe teaching philosophy of exceptional children: My teaching career has been spent learning how to provide appropriate support, guidance, patience, understanding, as well as to enhance academic growth success, for all students. My purpose as a teacher is to enrich and inspire the lives of young students with moderate/intensive needs by providing access to information instead of functioning as the primary so urce of information for students to flourish. My teaching methods will be to create anRead MoreThe Individuals With Disabilities Education Act1535 Words   |  7 Pageslaw addressing the education of children and adolescents with disabilities. It ensures all individuals with disabilities between the ages of 3−21 the right to a free, appropriate public education (FAPE), regardless of the nature or severity of the disability. Schools must therefore provide services to meet the particular educational needs arising from a disabling condition that cannot be met in the general educational program. THE NATURE OF SPECIAL EDUCATION Special education is instruction tailoredRead MoreProfessional : Self Assessment And Professional Standards1111 Words   |  5 PagesStooksberry, 2010). The Council for Exceptional Children developed and implemented the Initial and Advanced Preparation Standards. These preparation standards consisted of seven standards and twenty-eight elements â€Å"that bring its structure into alignment with all professional association partners in the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education† (Council for Exceptional Children.2015, Retrieved May 13, 2015). The Council for Exceptional Children incorporated specialty set into sevenRead MoreInclusion in Schools is Extremely Beneficial Essay1216 Words   |  5 Pages Inclusion in schools is extremely beneficial to exceptional students in that it helps to develop successful social skills. Although exceptional students are without a doubt different, the process of inclusion can give students feelings of self worth and allows them to feel included in the education process. Thanks to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and Section 504 of the Vocational Rehabilitation Act, a free and appropriate public education is mandated for students withRead MoreLife Long Learning for Students with Disabilities Essay example639 Words   |  3 Pages these young learners requires special care and services in their day to day activities. Developmental disability has become a common diagnosis in children these days. This disability starts during a child’s development period and may last for a life time. Special educational programs are available for children with development disabilities. The diagnosis of developmental disabilities can be done at an early age. It is the duty of parents to take their children to a specialist who can help themRead MoreTaking a Look at Special Education879 Words   |  4 Pages Special education is an ethically and politically complex area of professional education (Paul, French, Cranston-Gingras, 2001). Critics have claimed that special education does not benefit student with disabilities and should be renounced for ethical reasons (Gartner Lipsky, 1989). Others assert that special education is unethical because it stigmatizes and segregates minority students and violates the rights of children (Grossman, 1998; Granger Granger, 1986). On the other hand, proponentsRead MoreChildren With Learning Disabilities Are Inherently At Risk876 Words   |  4 PagesChildren with learning disabilities are a population who are inherently at risk. They are at risk of not being able to utilize the presented curriculum, as their non-disabled peers do. They are also at risk of suffering from emotional stress and or low self-efficacy as they negotiate classrooms assignments and expectations. Our Exceptional Children text states that children with learning disabilities, â€Å"†¦ often struggle with reasoning, attention, memory, selecting and focusing on relevant stimuliRead MoreLeadership, Organization And Administration1529 Words   |  7 Pageshow school leaders, who promote a vision that all students will learn using IDEA and the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB), ensure that the needs of children with disabilities are met while improving educational outcomes. As with economics as John F. Kennedy coined, â€Å"A rising tide lifts all†, therefore improving the instructional policies and practices in the special education classroom ensures the benefit of all students. Today, schools must provide students with disabilities appropriate access to theRead MoreDown Syndrome: An Intellectual and Developmental Disability E ssay1163 Words   |  5 PagesWhile completing a course on children with exceptionalities we used the textbook â€Å"Educating Exceptional Children†. While this textbook covered a variety of exceptionalities, I chose to research one further, Down syndrome. It is one of the most common and easily identified exceptionality and based on the higher prevalence of Down syndrome about 1 in 733 births (About Down Syndrome) I believe that this may be one of the exceptionality I will have an increased chance of encountering during my teaching

The Battle of Waterloo Free Essays

he The Battle of Waterloo Napoleon was just recently made emperor again in France in 1815. And his enemy’s had already formed an alliance against him. He only had one way to stay emperor and that was to fight his way through it. We will write a custom essay sample on The Battle of Waterloo or any similar topic only for you Order Now He had one main goal in his grand strategy to win the war and that was to isolate the allied and Prussian armies, and annihilate each one separately. This was a great strategy in theory because if he could destroy the coalition forces before they were reinforced then he might be able to drive the British back to the sea and knock the Prussian’s out of the war. This ended up leading to the strategy proper of the war because Napoleon knew that the British and Prussian armies were trying to meet up so he marched his army to a spot where he was in between them. Once his army was in the middle he ended up hitting the British on the west side and the Prussians on the east side. When Wellington saw how fast the French were moving he knew he had to act fast so he concentrated most of his troops at Quatre-Bras so that he could hold a tenuous position against the soldiers of Ney’s left wing. The grand tactics come in when Napoleon wants Ney to take the crossroads of Quatre-Bras so that way he can go reinforce him if needed. This led to the battle against the British there, where the French were being held off pretty well. But while this was happening the French attacked the Prussians at Ligny and were able to defeat them which made holding Quatre-Bras for the British untenable. So the British retreated and marched north parallel to the Prussians retreat. These precursor battles affected the culminating campaign battle because a lot of men were lost and a portion of Napoleons’ army was off searching for the retreating Prussians at the time of Waterloo. There were many battlefield maneuvers that impacted the outcomes of the battles. One was when Wellington had ordered in reinforcements for Quatre-Bras. This was good because they were starting to lose the battle until the reinforcements got there and then they were able to push Ney’s forces back. The next maneuver was when the Prussians had been defeated they were able to retreat unnoticed from the French. The Prussians getting away without the French knowing was big because they were able to make it back to Wavres where there reinforcements were so that they could have a fresh new army to fight them with. This leads to another maneuver, which happened once Napoleon finally realized the Prussians had retreated. Napoleon decided to send a big chunk of his army after the Prussians even though his army would be around 2 days behind them. This was a bad move because then when the French army reached Waterloo he now had to face the British and the Prussians combined without part of his army to use. Another maneuver was when Napoleon tried to do a faint attack at Hogomouh but it doesn’t work and because of that he loses much more troops then needed; this lead to the eventual loss of the war. And the last battle maneuver was when Wellington had his army hide behind a ridge and therefore Ney believed they were retreating and sent his cavalry after them. Once his cavalry got over the ridge they were annihilated by the British infantry, which eventually led to them losing the battle. Napoleon as a general made some bad choices during these battles. One bad choice he made was not following the Prussians right away when they retreated. Because of this the Prussians were able to get back to their reinforcements and then were able to meet up with the British. Another bad choice Napoleon made was when he decided to wait 4 hours to battle because he wanted the ground to dry to help his cavalry and artillery. Because of this move he allowed the Prussians enough time to get to the battle and now he had to fight two armies instead of one. And the next bad decision Napoleon made was sending his cavalry on an assault on Mont Saint Jean because he took a big loss on cavalry from that. One of the key reasons why Napoleon and his French army were defeated was because of the attack at Hogomouh. He lost a lot more troops then he needed to which did not help him in the long run. The next reason why he was defeated is because of the imperial guard attack. In this attack he lost a lot of cavalry that could have helped out later in the war. And the final key reason Napoleons army lost was that he delayed one of the battles. Because he delayed attacking it gave the Prussians enough time to arrive and help out the British. Overall Napoleon made some key decisions that turned out to lead to his defeat. Sources â€Å"Battle of Waterloo. †Ã‚  Wikipedia. Web. 08 Nov. 2011. â€Å"The Battle of Waterloo: 18 June 1815. †Ã‚  Home Page. Trans. Marjorie Bloy. 5 Jan. 2011. Web. 08 Nov. 2011. â€Å"BBC – History – British History in Depth: The Battle of Waterloo. †Ã‚  BBC – Homepage. Web. 08 Nov. 2011. How to cite The Battle of Waterloo, Essay examples

English Self Assessment free essay sample

Evaluative Essay During the duration of a class one is to learn as much as possible. It is in the student’s best interest to not only pass a class, but take full advantage of all resources given. When entering an English class one is to expect large abundance of work, and very time consuming essays. It is entirely true, but the point is repetition and practice. Personally, the goals set for myself were simple. Previously I had trouble with organizing and formatting a full paper, so the goal was to improve these techniques. Being a Business Administration Major, stating my point and organizing is extremely important. Therefore, gaining course material on analyzing, critiquing, and focusing on arguments was the ultimate goal. Stated back in the Diagnostic Writing Assignment, I was unfamiliar with the relation between English and Business. With the course material and other resources, I was taught all writing is argument. We will write a custom essay sample on English Self Assessment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The resources that were beneficial were other English classes that I was able to attend. A friend of mine is a student at California State University, Los Angles (CSULA) and I was able to attend his English 102 class. The degree of difficulty was much higher than English 101, but the exposure to higher education was very beneficial to this class. From a self-evaluation, I believe the goal I had set for myself was reached. Techniques presented in the class were extremely beneficial, specifically rough drafts and outlines. Although the outlines and techniques practiced were basic, they were able to give me a clear example of what I wished to write about. This prevented my usual act of jumping the gun. Within this semester, it seemed ironic that we took more notes than any of my other classes; references towards jotting ideas, and creating outlines were the ultimate knowledge I gained from the class. However, there was a flaw that was revealed when writing. Combining the work I have completed, I noticed there was a large amount of mechanical errors. It seems that the constant focus of organizing and formatting was the ultimate demise towards basic fundamentals. An example would be Essay 2 where an â€Å"F† was given towards mechanical errors. This, and a Reaction Paper on the reading How We Die, revealed formatting was intermediate. However, the lack of revising and common word structure held me back. The techniques and knowledge gained in this class were extremely beneficial. The aspects that I appreciated the most were the nonstop information given to us during class. Since day one, resources and notes were handed to us like candy. Personally I wish I took a little more time evaluating all the resources, but overall it was the most I’ve learned in any English class I’ve taken. Although the workflow did seem a bit overwhelming at times, the amount of knowledge gained was able to compensate. If there was anything to complain about, it was the time within a class and the long duration kept it hard to focus at times. Definitely taking into consideration next time is having split days for an English class. In addition to basic writing techniques was the all-around focus of the class. Although the subject was death, it was very interesting and opened my eyes. I really appreciate the sense of acceptance one gains from learning about death. The touchy subject was held very professional by the professor and he brought an abundance of intelligence to a vague subject. From the knowledge gained in this class future necessities are easily reached. I plan to major in business and the writing techniques easily influence my speaking ability as well. There is still much improvement that needs to be made as shown in the past work and Essay 2. The class will be beneficial for future classes that I plan to take like English 102, Speech, and any other Business class. Also being employed at Disneyland Resort, I plan to transfer to Guest Relations, so the writing and comprehension skills gained in this course are needed. Dealing with guest, and writing full reports on complaints and compliments will prove the writing techniques gained in class. Also in the course was a quiz on literary terms. Understanding the terms and being able to define each one specifically improves the way I am able to speak and interact with other people.

The Association between Dust Incidents and Respiratory Diseases in Abu Dhabi

Introduction The climate’s peculiarities of the Middle East make the population of the countries in the region suffer from a lot of dust incidents every year which occur frequently in relation to the definite season. Summer is the period with the most intensive dust storms in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Iran, Syria, and Iraq.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Association between Dust Incidents and Respiratory Diseases in Abu Dhabi specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The population of the countries with the similar weather conditions such as Lebanon and Israel observe the most drastic dust storms in spring. Dust storms are typical for the climate of Egypt not only for springs but also for winters. The problem is in the fact that such dust incidents as dust storms have a lot of negative effects not only on the environment and economy of the countries but also on their population’s health. Researchers state that it is possible to examine the direct dependence of the development of respiratory diseases among the population of the Middle Eastern countries on the dust storms’ frequency (Akbari, 2011; Kutiel Furman, 2003). Moreover, the possibility of frequent dust storms as the characteristic feature of the region’s climate negatively affects the development of such chronic diseases caused by the sandstorm dust as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The purpose of this research is to examine and describe the possible correlation between such dust incidents as dust storms and the prevalence of respiratory diseases in the Middle Eastern region with references to the situation in Abu Dhabi. The climate conditions of Abu Dhabi are characterized by frequent dust and sand storms which negatively affect the population’s state of health and cause different respiratory diseases which are often discussed as chronic ones (asthma and COPD). The Nature and Impacts of Dust/Sand Storms in the Region of the Middle East The causes of dust/sand storms in the UAE are the same ones as in any country of the Middle Eastern region. The sand storms are caused by the forces of wind and the prolonged droughts contribute to the development of the process. Thus, the wind affects the vibration of sand particles which later begin to saltate. Akbari states that then the particles of sand â€Å"repeatedly strike the ground, they loosen smaller particles of dust which then begin to travel in suspension† (Akbari, 2011, p. 228). The Persian Gulf region â€Å"suffers from considerably more dust storms than the other regions. The averaged maximum occurs in the summer during which for more than 30% of the time there is a level of airborne dust that reduces visibility to below 11 km† (Akbari, 2011, p. 229). Moreover, dust incidents can also occur in spring and winter when the percentage of their frequency is rather low. Dust storm s are characterized by a lot of negative impacts which can be discussed as rather severe for the countries’ environment, economy, and social life of the population in relation to the increase of health problems, especially a development of the respiratory diseases.Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kutiel and Furman, with references to the investigations of the other researchers, determine such negative effects of dust and sand storms in the region as the reduced soil fertility and possible damage to crops which are harmful for agriculture. It is also possible to observe the extreme reduction of solar radiation, and the consequences of this process are the efficiency of solar devices. Sand storms can destroy telecommunications and other mechanical systems. They result in the dirt, air pollution, and the increase of respiratory diseases (Akbari, 2011; Kutiel Furman, 2003). Why are sand storms so risky for the environment and population of the UAE? Akbari pays attention to the fact that â€Å"a sandstorm can move whole sand dunes. Dust storms can carry large amounts of dust, so much so that the leading edge of one can appear as a solid wall of dust as much as 1.6 km (1 mile) high† (Akbari, 2011, p. 228). The effects of this phenomenon can be dangerous for the territory where the process is the most intensive. To prevent the negative effects of dust and sand storms which are observed in the region during the whole year, it is necessary to concentrate on examining the peculiarities of these dust incidents, accentuating the factors which contribute to their development. Moreover, it is also important to work out the system of effective decreasing the consequences of the drastic sand storms. The economists pay much attention to overcoming the impacts of sand storms on the agriculture, the ecologists concentrate on protecting the envir onment from these severe processes, and doctors develop the ways to reduce the negative effects of dust and sand storms for people who suffer from asthma and COPD. The problem of dust storms is also typical for the territories which have different climatic conditions in comparison with those ones in the UAE. In their research, Shao and Dong focus on the methods to cope with dust storms effectively at the territories of China, Korea, and Japan (Shao Dong, 2006). The researchers’ conclusions about the effectiveness of monitoring dust storms and modeling systems to predict the consequences and overcome the impacts can be effective for analyzing the aspects of the problem in the UAE because the negative effects of dust storms on the quality of the people’s life, their health, and social activities can be considered as comparable for these countries.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Association between Dust Incidents and Respiratory Disea ses in Abu Dhabi specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Problem of Respiratory Diseases in the World and in Abu Dhabi The increase of the amount of people who suffer from the respiratory diseases which have the chronic form can be observed every year. Moreover, chronic respiratory diseases become the cause for increasing the level of mortality in the definite countries. According to the data presented at the meeting of Global Alliance Against Chronic Respiratory Diseases (GARD), asthma and COPD caused the death of 250 000 persons in 2005, and this number increases every year with taking the third position of causing the people’s death globally (WHO, 2008, p.1). According to the results of Hajat, Harrison, and Shather’s research, respiratory diseases take the sixth position as the cause of deaths in Abu Dhabi. That is why, respiratory diseases are discussed as the influential factors for causing the persons’ deaths w ith references to non-communicable diseases (Hajat, Harrison, Shather, 2012). (Hajat, Harrison, Shather, 2012). The situation in the UAE can be compared with the situation in the countries with the similar climatic conditions. It is stated in researches that respiratory diseases is the main causes for the population’s deaths in Egypt, Syria, and Lebanon (WHO, 2006). According to Nuwayhid, Youssef, and Habib, â€Å"rainfall decrease and increase in temperature will increase air pollution and consequently cause an increase in respiratory illnesses among urban populations, particularly in Egypt, Lebanon and the United Arab Emirates† (Nuwayhid, Youssef, Habib, 2009, p. 90). The development of these diseases is correlated with the frequency of dust incidents.Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is possible to determine such causes for developing the chronic respiratory diseases as the intensification of the air pollution caused by increasing the level of dangerous substances in the air. Breathing the extremely polluted air as a result of the industries’ development, a lot of people over the world suffer from the reduced lung function, different symptoms of asthma and COPD, and from chronic bronchitis. However, the situation in the UAE is more complicated because of the fact the majority of symptoms of the respiratory diseases depend on the high level of presence of the sand and dust particles in the air. Thus, the professors who presented their reports at the GARD meeting stated that the percentage of the morbidity and mortality caused by asthma and COPD is comparatively high in the Middle East, and the risky situation continues to develop (WHO, 2008). In spite of the fact the main cause for the development of the chronic respiratory diseases is determined by the researchers as the climatic peculiarities and the frequent occurrence of dust and sand storms, the aspects of ‘civilization’ also significantly influence the prevalence of the respiratory diseases in the region. According to Hajat, Harrison, and Shather, the increase of chronic diseases in Abu Dhabi, including respiratory diseases, is connected with the growth of the region’s status and its intensive development (Hajat, Harrison, Shather, 2012). The definite aspects of the western way of life such as the growth of industries and transport can cause the people’s suffering from non-communicable diseases. The rapid growth of industries â€Å"is causing air quality to become poor in the large cities due to motor vehicles and industrial emissions. The health impact can be seen by the fact that the incidence of respiratory diseases has increased in the past 10 years† (WHO, 2006, p. 44). The next important factor is smoking. Thus, the quality of the air decreases, and the peculiarities of the climate in Abu Dhabi contribute to complicating the situation. Nevertheless, the researchers are inclined to associate the problem of respiratory diseases in the UAE, and Abu Dhabi in particular, with the peculiarities of the region’s hot and dry climate. Thus, occasional violent sand and dust storms can cause a lot of damage, reduce visibility, and contribute to worsening the health of those persons who suffer from different respiratory diseases. In their investigation, Zaabi and the group of researchers concentrated on the connection between the development of COPD in Abu Dhabi and smoking. The researchers concluded that there are no direct connections between the health problems and smoking because of the fact there are a lot of the other factors which stimulate the worsening of the population’s health state in Abu Dhabi and the increase of the amount of people with chronic respiratory diseases such as COPD (Zaabi et al., 2010 ). Thus, the question of more risky factors for developing respiratory diseases remains open because the situation in Abu Dhabi can be discussed as caused by the combination of the negative impacts of breathing the chemically polluted air, smoking, breathing the air with the particles of sand and dust storms. Salvi and Barnes also focus on examining the possible correlations between the fact of active or passive smoking and the development of COPD, and they conclude that chronic asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease depend not only on the fact of smoking or the effects of biomass fuel but also on the combination of the definite socio-economic factors, and the peculiarities of the certain nations’ development (Salvi Barnes, 2009). The results of the research are significant for analyzing the role of such factors as, for instance, smoking and breathing the air polluted with the sand and dust particles for the development of the respiratory diseases. It is possible t o conclude that the prevalence of respiratory diseases in the UAE and Abu Dhabi is based on such significant factors as the progress of the life according to the definite western patterns, the industries’ growth, the development of the unhealthy habit to smoke, the pollution of the air with the sand and dust particles which is caused by the occasional sand storms. Chronic respiratory diseases are the causes for a lot of deaths in the region, and the frequency of sand and dust storms can be discussed as the negative factor for changing the statistical data in relation to the issue. The Connection between Dust/Sand Storms and Respiratory Diseases in Abu Dhabi Today, a lot of people who live in Abu Dhabi suffer from coughing and wheezing, such chronic respiratory diseases as asthma and COPD. Mahboub, Santhakumar, Soriano, and Pawankar conducted the complex research to examine the peculiarities of asthma in the UAE, concentrating on the factors which stimulate its development and on the ways of the effective treatment (Mahboub, Santhakumar, Soriano, Pawankar, 2010). The problem is in the fact chronic respiratory diseases are often caused by the combination of negative factors among which it is necessary to focus on smoking and the climatic peculiarities of the region. Thus, dust and sand storms are discussed as the most influential aspects for developing the people’s shortness of breath and worsening their chronic respiratory diseases. Kwaasi (as cited in Nuwayhid, Youssef, Habib, 2009, p. 92) pays attention to the fact that sandstorm dust is a â€Å"prolific source of potential triggers of allergic and nonallergic respiratory ailments†. Such dust incidents as sand storms in the UAE are the environmental risk factors which cause the prevalence of asthma, pneumonia, allergic rhinitis, pulmonary tuberculosis, and COPD in the region. The periods which can be considered as the seasons of dust/sand storms in Abu Dhabi are characterized by the pat ients’ frequent complaints about their chronic respiratory diseases or allergic rhinitis. That is why, it is important for people to stay indoors when the violent sand storms occur in order to avoid the deterioration of the physical state of those persons who suffer from asthma or COPD. Nowadays, many researchers agree that it is possible to observe the direct correlation between the development of asthma, COPD, and the other respiratory diseases and the frequency of dust and sand storms in the UAE because the particles of sand influence the respiratory system, causing its allergic reactions or worsening the chronic diseases (Nuwayhid, Youssef, Habib, 2009). From this point, the climatic and weather peculiarities of the region such as the vast desert area and the changes in temperature provoke dust incidents which cause a lot of respiratory diseases, and this logic chain ends with the high percentage of mortality affected by the development of respiratory diseases in the UAE (Hajat, Harrison, Shather, 2012). In spite of the fact dust/sand storms are dangerous for the people’s health in Abu Dhabi because of the peculiarities of this weather phenomenon, the situation can be complicated with the persons’ habit to smoke. Breathing the air polluted with the sand particles and gases, people increase the risks of worsening their physical state and developing chronic respiratory diseases. The researchers pay attention to the fact that dust and sand storms can provoke the development of the respiratory diseases such as pneumonia and allergic rhinitis and can prolong the patients’ suffering from COPD and bronchial asthma (Zaabi et al., 2011). It is important to note that the seasons of dust and sand storms in the UAE are the periods of the hot and windy weather when the percentage of the patients’ complaints about their health and respiratory diseases is extremely high, and it can be very low during the other seasons of a year. Thus, dust and sand storms are directly associated with increasing the level of respiratory diseases in the UAE, and in Abu Dhabi in particular. It is rather difficult to find the ways of prevention from developing allergies and worsening asthma during the seasons of dust and sand storms because of the necessity to go outdoors and continue the everyday activity. That is why, doctors draw the patients’ attention to the importance of following some rules among which the avoidance of smoking and covering their nose and mouth while being outdoors. Some easy forms of the respiratory diseases caused by the dust and sand storms which are typical for the region of the UAE can develop into asthma, lung diseases, and even trachea and bronchus cancers. From this point, the problem of respiratory diseases and its association with the frequency of dust incidents in Abu Dhabi is important for examining by the researchers because respiratory diseases are the cause for the premature deaths of the population in the region. Conclusions The high level of mortality from respiratory diseases in the UAE, and in Abu Dhabi in particular, is based on the peculiarities of the climate in the region when the hot and dry windy weather influences the dust incidents which cause the persons’ problems with the respiratory system. Dust/sand storms affect the situation when millions of sand particles are distributed with the help of the wind and provoke the development of the allergic reactions. Dust and sand storms are frequent in summer and spring, and these seasons are characterized by the extremely high percentage of the patients’ complaints about asthma, COPD, and allergies. To avoid the negative effects of dust incidents, it is necessary for people to stay predominantly indoors and protect their nose and mouth when they are outdoors. It is possible to conclude that the prevalence of asthma, COPD, and other respiratory diseases in Abu Dhabi is directly associated with dust storms in the region because these dust incidents provoke the negative stimulation of the people’s respiratory system, contributing to the development of a lot of symptoms such as coughing and problems with breathing. Living in the UAE, people have to adapt to the climatic peculiarities in order to avoid the health problems, and respiratory diseases caused by these peculiarities can be discussed as characteristic for the population’s health in Abu Dhabi. References Akbari, S. (2011). Dust storms, sources in the Middle East and economic model for survey it s impacts. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(12), 227-233. Hajat, C., Harrison, O., Shather, Z. (2012). A profile and approach to chronic disease in Abu Dhabi. Globalization and Health, 8(18), 1-24. Kutiel, H. Furman, H. (2003). Dust Storms in the Middle East: Sources of origin and their temporal characteristics. Indoor Built Environ,12, 419–426. Mahboub, B. H. S. H., Santhakumar, S., Sorian o, J. B., Pawankar, R. (2010). Asthma insights and reality in the United Arab Emirates. Annals of Thoracic Medicine, 5(4), 217–221. Web. Nuwayhid, I., Youssef, R., Habib, R. R. (2009). Human health. In M. K. Tolba N. Saab (Eds.) Arab environment. Climate change: Impact of climate change on Arab countries (pp. 88-98). Beirut, Lebanon: AFED. Salvi, S. S. Barnes, P. J. (2009). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in non-smokers. Lancet, 374, 733-743. Shao, Y. Dong, C. H. (2006). A review on East Asian dust storm climate, modelling and monitoring. Global and Planetary Change, 52, 1–22. World Health Organization (2006). Health system profile: The UAE. Web. World Health Organization (2008). Global Alliance against Chronic Respiratory Diseases (GARD). Web. Zaabi, A. A., Asad, F., Abdou, J., Musaabi, H. A., Saiari, M. B., Buhussien, A. S. M., Nagelkerke, N., Soriano, J. B. (2011). Prevalence of COPD in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Respiratory Medicine, xx, 1-5. This research paper on The Association between Dust Incidents and Respiratory Diseases in Abu Dhabi was written and submitted by user Malice to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

buy custom International Business Environment essay

buy custom International Business Environment essay International business is described as the collectively commercial transactions, carried out in more than one country. Usually, government companies involve in business transaction across the boundaries for political reasons and the private companies for profit reasons. International business involves all the activities, carried out by public and private sectors across the borders. The economic transaction resources include capital, people as well as skills, necessary for production of goods and services. Many companies, involving in international companies, are referred as the multinational corporations. These are the companies that carry out business worldwide and they have their companies, located in more than one region. The international business operation depends on the objectives of the company. The global pattern of foreign direct investment from 2000-2011 have changed because the business operations have been affected by physical, societal and the competitive environmental f actors. The average annual FDI inflows on FDI in Africa doubled and increased significantly from 2000 to 2003. The global FDI flows in African regions increased for about 6 per cent. Among the developing nations, Africas FDI inflows from 2000 to 2003 increased, but it later reduced in 2004 to less than 9 % from 20% (UNCTAD 2008, p.109). From 2000 to 2003, FDI inflows accounted for one fifth per cent of the capital flow to African. In the developing nations, African continent has been lagging behind. However, the FDI is one of the most international dynamic resource flows for developing nations. The FDI is fundamental because of its intangible and tangible assets. This is because the firms deploying them are significant players of FDI flows in the global economy. The considerable evidence is that FDI affects growth and development, thus, complementing investments in the domestic market. Like many other developing countries, Africa requires substantial external resources inflows in order to el iminate the current economic crisis, which contributes to its increased poverty level. The international investment crisis started in 2004 but the year 2008 marked the end of this crisis because of the growth cycle. According to Cantwell, Dunning and Lundan (2010, p. 468), the FDI reached a remarkable record of $ 1.8 trillion during the year 2007. This was because of the ongoing global economic and financial crisis. This crisis affected many multinational companies, especially the International World Banks. Therefore, the FDI flows declined more than twenty the year 2008, making many multinational corporations to experience losses. The table 1 below indicates the FDI inflows by group of economies from 200 to 2008. The FDI flow decrease was experienced in 2009 due to transactional corporation crisis consequences and this affected the investment expenditures. This unfolded in the year 2010, when the private and public companies operating business worldwide started to experience a bigger loss in business transactions (Bergstrand and Egger 2007, p. 290). (Billions of dollars) Regions 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2009 Developed economies Developing economies Transition economies 1400 200 200 1200 200 200 800 300 200 600 400 150 1000 400 150 1200 300 400 1400 300 500 1600 500 600 1800 600 800 Source: UNCTAD, based on EDI database (www. Unctad.org/fdi statistics) Additionally, the global decreases in FDI in 2008 to 2009 were initiated by two major factors, which affected the domestic and international investment. First, the firms were unable to invest due to reduction in financial resources accessibility both internally and externally. This led to corporate profit reductions because of the lower availability as well as higher financial cost of borrowing fund for carrying out transactions effectively. The financial and economic crisis made the International Monetary Funds to regulate financial accessibility in an attempt to curb this crisis (Antoncic, Cardon and Hirsch 2004, p.181). Secondly, the economic prospects affected negatively the propensity to invest, especially in the developed nations. This is because many of the developed nations were hit by severe economic depression. In earlier 2009, many companies were forced to restrict their costs investment programs because of the two factors. This was done in order to enable the companies to be more flexible to any further decline in the business environment. The two factors impacted the FDI types such as the market, efficiency and resource seekers, though with varied magnitudes and locations. The FDI impacted particularly the cross border mergers as well as the acquisitions. The impact was severe, especially in 2008, where there was sharp decline, compared to other years behind. This led to a kind of divestments and restructuring, rising wave in the business environment. Although the international Greenfield investments were less impacted in 2009, most of the projects were cancelled and some of them were postponed. Moreover, the FDI impacts were different because they depended on the regions and each sector. The developed countries were much more affected than the developing countries due to a decline in the 2008 FDI inflows. This was because of the sluggish market visions. Although, the flows into the developing nations in 2008 continued to increase, it was, however, much lower than the years before. In 2009, the FDI inflows declined in multinational sectors. This was because of the pull-back in efficiency as well as in FDI resource seeking, which aimed to export their p roducts to advanced economies (Hajkova, Nicoletti, Vartia, and Yoo 2006, p. 110). The FDI market seeking intended at servicing domestic markers with development prospects but they receded. Among the industries, the most significant FDI flows that have been affected up to the year 2011 were the financial service, intermediate and consumptions goods as well as the automotive industries. Other industries that have been affected by slowdown in the global economy include the aircraft, steel industries and the transport sector. However, the crisis is still expanding to other activities, arraying from the primary to non-financial sectors. The short term current economic recession on worldwide FDI prospects have created the negative impacts on the economy. The present crisis, which is a result of the exceptional magnitude, could lead to structural changes in the global economy. This is because some factors, favorable for FDI growth, are still working and some of them are associated with the crisis itself. Some driving forces will sooner or later trigger the new FDI flows. These include investment opportunities due to cheap prices of assets, large financial amounts. Industrial restructure and availability of financial resources in merging nations will trigger the FDI flows. Additionally, high expansion rate of new activities such as internalization of industries and environmental allied industries will too trigger the FDI flows (Buckley and Ghauri 2004, p. 87). In 2008, the FDI inflows declined to more than 20 per cent in ajor economies, thus, contributing to economic slowdown, rigid credit conditions and economic profit reductions in multinational corporations. Many companies decided to lay off their workers, curtailed production and reduced their capital expenditures. However, all of these had implications on the FDI inflows. According to Sethi, Guisinger, Phelan and Berg (2003, p. 320), the UNCTAD and world FDI flows preliminarily estimated that by 2008, the FDI would decline by 21 per cent. This is because of the sharp step-back of other things that were anticipated during the quarter of the year. The table 2 below indicates the FDI growth prospects of 2009 t0 2011 compared with that of 2008. The recent IMF forecast on world economic outlook anticipated that the economic output in 2009 expanded by 2.2 per cent from November 2008 as compared to October projection of the same year, whereby the output was 1.5 per cent (Vygodina 2006, p. 22 0). The United Nations are more pessimistic on the global economic prospects. This is because they predicted that the FDI inflows would increase with a skimpy one per cent growth in the global economy. Table 2: Global FDI prospects (per cent of responses) FDI growth prospects (compared with 2008) Increase Remain the same Decrease 2009 2010 2011 22 33 50 20 26 31 58 41 19 The present FDI economic crisis is different from that of the previous. For instance, when comparing the economic crisis of 2000 to 2004, it is different from that of 2007 to the present, which originated from the developing nations. This led to a negative impact on the FDI inflows as indicated in table 3 below. In contrast, the present economic crisis originated from the developed nations, thus, spreading to developing nations (Publishing, 2005). The crisis that hit the developed nations varies in severity degree among the nations. Thus, the crisis has varied consequences on the FDI inflows in geographical locations. The preliminary data revealed that the protracted and the deepening crisis of 2008 affected many financial institutions. Nevertheless, the liquidity crisis in the monetary banks and debt markets affected the FDI flows (UNCTAD 2008, p. 112). This led to a decline in the inward flow, especially in countries such as Finland, Italy and Germany, compared to FDI inflows in 20 06, which was somehow higher than in 2008. The FDI decline in the United States and United Kingdom led to severe crisis that contributed to limited financial investments. Table 3: World FDI inflow prospects Regions 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 IMF: World Advanced economies Emerging economies World Bank Developing countries United Nations Developed economies Transition economies Developing economies 5 2.6 8.0 3.7 7.9 3.8 2.5 8.3 7.2 3.7 1.4 6.6 2.5 6.3 2.5 1.2 6.9 5.9 2.2 -0.3 5.1 0.9 4.5 1.0(baseline) -0.5(baseline) 4.8(baseline) 4.6 (baseline) - - 3.0 0.3 6.1 - - - - - - 2.0 0.2 5.5 - - - - Source: IMF, World Bank and United Nations However, there are signs of change but this depends on the sequence of uncertain factors. These factors can lead to change of FDI flows including the economic and financial speed up to a recovery state, effective public policies. These policies will address the causes of the current crisis, thus, looking for solutions to overcome them. Moreover, many companies made plans to scale back the high perceived risk levels and uncertainties in order to reduce economic crisis. Companies in advanced economies are restraining in launching new projects, which aim at increasing the capacity for market oriented production. Other companies are committed to increase production capacity in developing nations. However, this will weaken the external demand in developed nations, thus, contributing to a decrease in commodities and prices for energy. Heckscher-Ohlin Model Moreover, due to decreased commodities, many companies have tried to employ models that are labor saving and capital using products that provides high income. Many products manufactured undergo product life-cycle because of its comparative advantage. The economic theory of product life-cycle was developed by Raymond Vernon due to failure of Heckscher-Ohlin model. The later model failed to explain the observed international trade pattern. According to Buckley and Ghauri (2004, p. 89), Heckscher-Ohlin model suggests that in product life cycle, products evolve from the place, in which they were invented. For instance, personal computers are some of the products in the United States that undergo product life cycle. These products are produced and consumed within the production area, thus, no export trade occurs. This model is seen as a comparative advantage because product production changes from innovation in developed nations to developing countries. The OLI-Framework Another model being employed is electric paradigm, which is an economic theory, which is also well-known as the OLI-framework. This model was invented by John Dunning and became an internalized model, which was commonly used in the international trade. The OLI model is based on the transaction cost theory. According to Sedoglavich, Hill and Field (2008, p. 56), the transaction cost requires that the transactions should be made within the organizations in case the internal costs are lower than the free market. John Dunning added that three factors such as ownership, location and internalization advantages are significant in this theory, thus, the theory was shortened as the OLI paradigm (Sedoglavich, Hill and Field (2008, p. 89). However, Locational advantage is considered as the fundamental factor for multinational corporations, carrying out their transactions across the globe. The area, whereby an industry is located for transacting activities, is taken into consideration for market seekers. Industries that need to use their own competitive advantage prefer areas that favor presence of foreign location. Thus, firms may choose to expand or exploit their ownership advantage though engaging in FDI business. Therefore, the Locational advantage is considered essential in the FDI because industries located or constructed abroad can benefit from the capital intensiveness. In addition, under the location advantage, companies are required to use foreign factors in connection with their native firm location advantage to enable them perform business successfully. Thus, the location advantage is the key for determining the location for a successful multinational corporation. The location advantage can be separated into three areas. One of them is the economic advantage, which calls for quantity and quality factors of production. The economic advantage takes into consideration the markket size, transport costs and the scope, thus, advantageous in FDI. Another factor it considers is political advantage. This is whereby the firms, carrying out business in the international market, take into consideration the favorable climate for carrying out transactions efficiently. The companies, carrying out business internationally, consider the favorable government policies that will influence the inward FDI investment flows. Lastly, the social-cultural advantages, whic h include the language, cultural diversities and attitude towards foreigners, are taken into considerations, when choosing industrial location for transacting activities. Porters Diamond Model The last model, which is comparative advantage, is the Porters Diamond model, which is a framework pattern, used in industrialized nations. The model was developed by Michael Porter and it focuses on the competitive sources from the national context. The model is used in analyzing the ability of the industries if they can function in the international market. Moreover, it analyses the ability of the national market to compete favorably in the international market. The model recognizes the demand and factor conditions, it also recognizes strategies, used in the firm, its structure and rivalry that a company should use in analyzing the viability of the countrys competitiveness in the international market. The model determines if the demand as well as the factors of production is required in a business environment. Some of the pillars of his model takes into considerations the strategies and tries to highlight the competitive advantage areas and weaknesses. Thus, it tries to access the suitability for particular condition necessary for successive foreign business performance (Brooks and Weatherston 2010, p. 89). Factors Affecting the FDI There are ranges of factors that can affect the FDI. One of the factors is cost and this affects the profits, especially when the production cost is high. It is quite clear that the FDI brings out costs as well as benefits. However, this must be evaluated well, especially when making decisions on the best policy approach to be used in transacting activities. For instance, in case the production cost of manufacturing commodities in an industry is high, an industry may encounter losses, when carrying out business activities across the borders. This is especially the transportation costs and other costs, required in machinery maintenance or high cost of hiring expatriate to operate technical machine in the companies. Most companies in Africa experience high cost of production because of increased cost for machinery maintenance and hiring external expatriates for operating technical machineries. Another factor, affecting the FDI inflows, is the political risks. Poor political climate and unfavorable government policies affect the FDI inflows negatively. For instance, many developing nations are lagging behind in terms of economic activities. This is because of the unfavorable political conditions that scare the potential investors away. Many International Monetary Funds that provide financial aid to countries, carrying out business across the globe, are situated in developed nation. The few are in developing nations because of the poor political environment, especially the political instabilities, thus, affecting the FDI flows. This is because the foreign direct investors appreciate protectionism and providing adequate security to their investments. Moreover, the ever political crisis, associated with clashes for political powers, has affected the FDI inflows (Davies and Kristjaansdoottir 2010, p. 51). This is because the ever increasing clashes within the developing nations , especially Africa, have hindered the potential investors from locating many multinational corporations within the nation. Cultural factors may affect the FDI inflows. The cultural factors may hinder better performance of foreign industries. An industry, participating in foreign market, should ensure that they understand the cultural beliefs of people in the foreign market. This is essential because it helps a company to carry out transactions effectively. However, lack of cultural understanding may hinder the performance of business, thus, contributing to poor output. Moreover, it is vital to understand the language of a particular culture, in which the business is located (McDonald, Tsagdis and Huang, 2006, 526). This is because language barrier is one of the greatest hindrances in better performance of the business across the globe. Competitive factors are the major problem of better performance in the foreign market. Due to technological expansion, especially in communication and transportation sector, many companies are now competing favorably. Therefore, poor technological development may impact the FDI inflow. This is because innovative commodities of high quality will thrive in the market. Thus, the domestic market is working hard to produce innovative products, thus, creating competition with foreign market. This forces the foreign industries to reduce cost in order to earn more customers. Thus, the competition scares away the potential investor or makes them to withdraw from the market. This is because of the fear of making lower profits, thus, a hindrance to FDI inflows (Bora 2001, p. 220) Lastly, governmental regulations affect the FDI policies. The government policies in developing countries as well as heavy taxes, imposed on foreign activities, transacted within the developing nations, put away the potential investors. Moreover, the government does not provide adequate incentives to the foreign investors, thus, hindering them in transacting business within the developing regions. Sanderson and Kentor (2008, p. 521) points out favorable government policies that attract more investors to a country, hence, contributing to increased FDI inflows. However, if these policies are not conducive, the investors would be forced to look for a better location, which is conducive. Moreover, imposing heavy duties on the foreign commodities and lack of incentive provision to the potential investors affects FDI negatively. The federal government in the United States recently announced that some policies will be changed in order to enable the multinational firms to compete favorably in the foreign market. The social policies for host governments and their ability to attract foreign investment would be applied in the new institutional economies. The new set of data would be used to explore the direct as well as the indirect non-governmental organizations roles in the business sector. Non-governmental organizations are non profit oriented and non voluntary organized groups that work within the local, national and the international levels. The US government declared to work with the non-governmental organizations in serving the interests of the societies. They focus on the advocacy, operational efforts on social, economic and political goals. This is done in order to ensure that the environment is protected, thus, making it conducive for attracting the potential foreign investors. Conclusion In conclusion, the global pattern of foreign direct investment from 2000-2011 have changed. This is because the business operations have been affected by physical, societal and the competitive environmental factors, thus, making the environment unfavorable for potential investors. This is because of the increased economic crisis that hit the developed nations and then spread to the developing nations, especially that of 2007. The FDI impacted particularly the cross border mergers as well as the acquisitions. There are ranges of factors that can affect the FDI such as cost factors, political risks, cultural and competitive factors. However, many international companies employed competitive models such as the Porters Diamond model, Heckscher-Ohlin model and OLI model. Lastly, the federal government of US changed some policies in order to enable foreign markets to compete favorably in the international market. Buy custom International Business Environment essay

Gynocentric Feminism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Gynocentric Feminism - Essay Example In the past years, women were excluded from important activities in the society and, therefore, were denied the ownership of certain rights such as the right to expression, participation, and education among others. Although women had the power to change the situation, they did not have the courage to exercise this power. Every woman has an erotic resource lying deep within them and the spiritual plane. This resource is rooted in the power of their unrecognized or unexpressed feeling. However, in order to perpetuate the resource, various male models of power that bring oppression must be distorted. This is because oppression suppresses the erotic resource of the women making them powerless in the society (Allen 166). Men have made women to believe that it is only the suppression of the women’s erotic resource, within their lives, that can truly make them strong. However, that belief is illusory because it is framed by the male models of power which only aims at taking the advantage of female existence. However, through gynocentric feminism approach, women have come to distrust the male models of power. They have discovered the potentials and possibilities that lie within themselves. Their erotic resource offers a provocative and replenishing force to a woman (Ptacek 12). It is a source of information and power that can help them to explore the world. It is also a measure between the beginning of a woman’s sense of self and the pandemonium of their strongest feelings. In addition, it is â€Å"an internal sense of satisfaction† where once a woman has experienced it, she gets to aspire. Furthermore, this measure can be well understood by observing the current public housekeepin g of the modern cities in America. The city departments, controlled by men, have snatched women, their responsibility as housekeepers. This has affected their sense of self and they no longer aspire to carry out their responsibilities as housekeepers.

Study on what drives potential employees who are currently studying Dissertation

Study on what drives potential employees who are currently studying business in Foundation Campus (UK) to choose a job that offe - Dissertation Example endations 30 APPENDICES 34 Appendix 1: Questionnaire 34 Appendix 2: Interview 36 CHAPTER I – INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview The area of this research is human resource management. This area is made up by several fields which includes reward and motivation (Boddy, 2008). Human resource management refers to the use of modern science approach to "train, organize, and allocate some people"(Stone and Stone-Romero, 2008). People's thought, psychological and behavior of the appropriate induction, control and coordinate. To create people’s self-image and to improve people’s motivation of working, it is good to keep balance of employee e and material resources. Human resource management is the â€Å"effective use† of people so that can â€Å"boost organizational performance† (Simons 2011). Managers use employees to finish task effectively so that to make company performance better. Managers can give opportunities to motivate employees to work better. It is a way to use people to work hard. For example, manager reward, recruits, train and verbally punish their employees (Thussu and Freedman, 2003; Ruppel, 2010). The field of this research will be based on reward, extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation. Mmotivation is a â€Å"process of allocating energy to maximize the satisfaction of needs† (Pritchard and Ashwood, 2008). Motivation is the driving force in order to employees to keep their goals. For example, employees hope to have their own car. They will be motivated by their own desire. They will earn enough money to buy it. Motivation can also be defined as a recurrent concern (McClelland, 1985, p.590). The goal state acts like workers to do something very well or having impact. For example, if people feel hungry, they will find food from different places. The aspect of human resource management is interesting as the research seeks to reward employees in intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. Reward is that" work ana lysis, making plan of human resource needs and recruit; training and exploiting" (Adair, 1996). It is a good way to know what the employees need when they work in a company and how the employers can meet the needs of employees. Intrinsic motivation refers to inside an individual "interesting" (McClelland, 1985). Workers enjoy job itself and the challenge is offered a sense of pleasure. Inside desires to finish a special task, people do some activities because it can give them pleasure. Meanwhile, it develops particular skill of employees. Extrinsic motivation factors are external rewards such as salary for workers or grades for students (McClelland, 1985). This type of motivation provides satisfaction and pleasure even though the task itself can be discussing. People are motivated by money and

The Analysis of the Effectiveness of 3 Food Applications Research Paper

The Analysis of the Effectiveness of 3 Food Applications - Research Paper Example Currently, there are a lot of applications with different effects as far as service provisions are concerned. A number of usability issues have also become more prevalent, as the ease with which these applications can be developed and distributed increases. In this paper, three types of food applications available in the market are being reviewed. These are Eat24, Fooducate and Foodspotting. Their effectiveness will be evaluated while stating their strengths and weaknesses thereafter (Lonczak, 2011). First and foremost is the Foodspotting application. This is a renowned visual guide to good food, where one can find and share great dishes, not only in restaurants. In addition to reviewing restaurants, one can find and share their best dishes using photos. If undecided on what to eat, the application can really help. This feature allows the user to determine the nearest best and latest foods around them. One can find a particular food they really miss or even look up to a hotel to find out their best delicacy at that time. Focusing on its application, Foodspotting has proven to be very beneficial, especially to those who are a big fan of food. It allows the user to locate a new restaurant and interesting food dishes to try in their area. It also permits, the user to share their favorite food dishes with interested parties so that they can experience such delicacies. That being said, the strength of this application is easy to figure out. One such strength is that enables the user to locate the best restaurants and dishes in their location of interest. It also enables the user to recommend friends and to see their recommended foods and places. The interface is very attractive and easy to use. With this information, you can be able to criticize local food while applauding others.

Economic Factors Affecting UK Non League Football Clubs

Economic Factors Affecting UK Non League Football Clubs An investigation of the economic factors affecting the commercial success and sustainability of UK non league football clubs Introduction Football clubs are traditionally not the strongest or most profitable businesses. This is supported by Deloitte’s (2007) annual report into the state of football finance, which stated that, outside of the Premier League, UK football as an industry recorded a net operating loss. Even in the Premier League, where clubs benefit from higher levels of sponsorship, media exposure and TV revenues, four clubs posted an operating loss in the 2005 / 2006 season. This implies that, the lower the division a club is in, the harder it is for them to survive and become commercially sustainable, let alone successful. Indeed, there is an argument that many football clubs will not survive without some form of outside financial support, such as a rich benefactor or owner. However, with increasing pressure from fans to spend money on securing the best players and challenging for success, whilst not increasing ticket prices to cover any additional expenditure, many wealthy businessmen, and even mu lti millionaires, are finding that bankrolling a football club is beyond their means. This is reflected in the view of Henk Potts, a strategist at Barclays who claims that â€Å"Any business model that revolves around 11 overpaid players kicking a piece of dead cow around on a wet November evening is no place to put your money† (Tomlinson, 2004). Issues such as these are exacerbated at the non league level. Not only must non league clubs put up with similar demands for success, but they often find themselves within the catchment area of a league, or even Premier League, club. In addition, with the rise of cable and satellite television, many people who would have previously watched their local non league teams on a regular basis can now choose to watch a variety of league matches from the comfort of their own home. This has put downward pressure on attendances for a number of non league clubs, making it even harder for them to survive and succeed. Ashford Town is a prime example of such a struggling club. As can be seen from the six years of accounts in the appendix, Ashford Town’s level of debt has increased from less than  £40,000 at the end of 2002 to more than  £90,000 at the end of 2007. In the same period, the club’s losses, and hence net worth, has fallen to - £70,000, with the club posting a net lo ss in every single one of the last six years. Attempting to address issues such as these is something which has been the subject of significant amounts of research and discussion over the past few decades. As such, this dissertation will not attempt to reach a solution to all of the numerous issues affecting the modern UK football industry. Instead, it will attempt to determine the extent to which contemporary management theories and techniques can be used by non league football clubs aiming to improve their sustainability. This aspect has been chosen because, in spite of the significant amount of research carried out into the sustainability of football as a business model, there has been little attention paid to smaller non league clubs. As such, the initial investigation will entail a detailed and structured review of the existing literature, around how the commercialisation of football has developed and what useful lessons this can provide. This will be followed up by a questionnaire survey of ten non league football clubs, i ncluding Ashford Town, to determine the extent to which they have followed contemporary business practices, and the extent to which said practices have aided their commercial sustainability. Finally, the results of these investigations will be used to attempt to put together a business plan for Ashford Town, in an attempt to demonstrate how the club may be able to turn its current, loss making, performance around. Aim and objectives As discussed above, the main aim of this dissertation will be to carry out an investigation of the economic factors which impact on the commercial success and sustainability of non league football clubs in the UK, and how contemporary management theories may be able to assist in boosting said success. In order to achieve this, it will be necessary to examine how football has developed as a commercial enterprise, and how this has impacted on the divisions of revenue and profits within the industry. As part of this, it would be useful to analyse the main revenue streams of football clubs, as well as the main parts of their cost base, and how these can best be managed. One of the main sources of revenue for most clubs will likely be gate receipts, however many clubs will likely make a significant amount of revenue from marketing, commercial activities, and sponsorship, particularly in the upper leagues where commercial opportunities are likely to be larger. However, it is expected that commercial and marketing opportunities will also exist in the lower leagues, and even for non league sides. As such, this piece will also investigate the extent to which non league teams take advantage of these opportunities, as well as the need to control for factors such as on pitch performance and success, with the associated potential prize money and increased takings. The following objectives will be addressed as part of this study: To assess the factors which underlie the commercial success of football clubs, and hence also the factors which could lead to clubs going into administration, and potentially ceasing to exist. To examine some of the most successful football clubs and football business practices in the UK, and identify how these clubs and practices can contribute to maintaining commercial sustainability. To examine the extent to which contemporary models of business organisation and competitive strategy are relevant to football clubs. To identify and analyse the role broader business opportunities can play in increasing the stability of football clubs. To identify areas of financial savings and cost efficiency which can be used by football clubs without adversely affecting their on pitch performance. It is expected that, in answering these objectives through the literature and primary research, sufficient insight will be obtained to allow the formulation of conclusions and recommendations for non league football clubs wishing to boost their income, or control their costs. These conclusions and recommendations will be used to analyse the commercial business potential of Ashford Town, as a key example of a struggling non league football club. As such, part of the final report will include recommendations for inclusion into sustainable business plans detailing how the club can learn from other clubs, and economic and management theories, to ensure future economic stability. Ideally, in addressing the various objectives above, and looking at the ongoing performance of Ashford Town, it should be possible to gain an understanding of the critical factors which can affect the commercial sustainability of the football club. As such, the findings can then be applied to Ashford Town, helpin g to contribute to the recommendations around the formation of a sustainable business plan. Methodology Research is defined as the collection of data in order to answer research questions or address research objectives. As this obviously presents a significant range of potential data to collect, and numerous ways to collect it, there are various defined theoretical approaches, the most important of which will be assessed in this section. These are: action research, surveys, case studies, experimentation, grounded theory and ethnography (Saunders et al, 2007). The first of these, action research, involves researchers actively collaborating and working with practitioners in their chosen field in order to investigate a well defined issue or problem, with the aim of finding practical solutions to said issue. As such, action research is a highly involved research methodology, which enables researchers to examine an issue in significant depth, investigating the root causes and creating detailed cause and effect chains. However, it can cause the researcher to have too narrow a focus when exam ining the problem, leading them to ignore contributing factors from outside their field of study. Indeed, in a study such as this one, where the aim is to determine what the factors affecting football club commercial success are, action research is likely to be unsuitable. Surveys, on the other hand, are more often used for descriptive and exploratory research, as they enable the researcher to cover a wide scope and thus make recommendations for future research and study. In addition, surveys allow researchers to collect significant amounts of both qualitative and quantitative data, thus supporting a broad range of qualitative and quantitative analysis techniques. This is because surveys can include questionnaires and various types of interviews. Of course, the counter to this is that the broad reach of surveys makes it hard for researchers to gain much depth to their research, and surveys are unlikely to reveal the root causes of the phenomena they observe. Case studies represent something of a middle ground, combining the best aspects of action research and surveys, and thus allowing for both depth and breadth to be obtained. This is because they carry out research at a distance from an organisation, thus avoiding the researcher becoming too involved with the organisation, and developing a narrow view. However, the attempt to achieve both depth and breadth means that the research will not actually achieve full depth or full breadth, rather it will fall somewhere in between (Saunders et al, 2007). The other three approaches, experimentation, grounded theory and ethnography, do not actually refer to the collection of data, but to the methods used to observe and categorise said data. Of these, experimentation is based on setting up specific scenarios, in order to determine how said scenarios occur, and then compare the results to theoretical predictions. As part of this, certain external factors can be controlled, whilst others are allowed to vary, hence making it easier to observe and categorise certain factors as either causative or non causative, and also to rank the impact of each factor. Unfortunately, such experiments are often difficult to set up, particularly when attempting to observe large and complicated phenomena. In addition, there is an argument that the level of control implied in experimentation creates unrealistic environments, within which individuals do not behave as they do when not being observed or where nothing is controlled (Saunders et al, 2007). In cont rast, grounded theory focuses on observing scenarios naturally, observing what the factors are affecting said scenario, and attempting to use theoretical perspectives to explain what occurs. These theoretical perspectives are then tested against other scenarios, and refined until they describe the behaviour of the phenomenon as well as possible. Finally, ethnography is more inductive, and involves simply observed the phenomenon, looking at the factors which have combined to cause it, and attempting to decide which key factors and behaviours have caused the phenomenon to behave as it did. In contrast to grounded theory, ethnography does not attempt to objectively define the various factors and theoretical models affecting an observed phenomenon. Instead, ethnography focused on the qualitative effects which both the factors and the individuals concerned have on a phenomenon, and also looks at the perceptions the actors have of the key causal factors (Saunders et al, 2007). In this case, because this dissertation is attempting to analyse a more general phenomenon,: the factors affecting the commercial success of football clubs, a broad research perspective should be taken. As such, this piece will use a survey, to help frame and investigate said factors, as well as using a limited case study of Ashford Town, to examine the fact ors which specifically impact on this club. Ethnography will be used as a guiding principle when analysing the results and attempting to determine which factors are most important to non league football clubs. This is because football clubs are not renowned for their use of specific management theory and techniques, and hence any attempt to directly fit their behaviour to the theory would likely harm the relevance of the results to other clubs looking to make use of them. In addition, the nature of football, where success is defined by on pitch results rather than profitability, means that existing theory is unlikely to be an exact fit to the football context. As such, ethnography will be used to help explain the techniques used, and how these could fit to management theory and observations. The surveys themselves will include both a questionnaire and an interview with the club officials, either the club Secretary or Chairman, regarding the commercial realities confronting the club, as well as the existing financial situation including any handouts from wealthy club benefactors, loans, grants, and sponsorship. Unfortunately, details of the income and revenue streams are not available, and thus it is impossible to complete a full and detailed analysis of income streams and expenditure analysis, with the exception of those of Ashford Town. As such, the findings will be used to analyse the revenue and costs of Ashford Town, with the aim being to assist in assessing the clubs overall position; and whether it is under performing, or whether a business and financial saturation point has been reached. Given that only the financial accounts, and not the management accounts, of Ashford Town are available, detailed analysis of the revenue streams and costs will not be possible. As such, and as discussed above, the quality and depth of data is likely to limit the extent to which specific recommendations can be made. In addition, this dissertation will attempt to make use of both qualitative and quantitative data, as both of these types of data can make positive contributions to a study. Qualitative data methods aim to gather data which is difficult to represent in a numerical form. As such, qualitative data gathering tends to focus more on asking people their opinion around certain topics, as well as their perceptions of various factors. As such, qualitative data tends to be richer than its quantitative equivalent, although it is usually not as easy to analyse and represent it in graphical forms or through statistical analysis techniques. This is because qualitative data can help to explain why relationships occur between data, as well as helping to explain relationships that are not as unclear when examined from a quantitative point of view. In contrast, quantitative data collection methods tend to based on simply gathering and analysing quantitative observations and data, or data which can be represented in a numerical form. This is usually achieved through actually observing quantifiable phenomena, such as the profits made by football clubs or the number of clubs going into administration. However, it can also be gathered by asking individuals to assess qualitative factors from a quantitative point of view, such as by asking them to rank factors on a Likert scale, like the importance of their sources of income (Saunders et al, 2007). As a result, whilst this piece will look to use some quantitative data, the primary research and data analysis will be performed via qualitative data, analysis, and interpretation. As a consequence of the above discussion, this dissertation will use one main method of primary data collection, and one secondary method, to address the research questions. This will thus help increase the value of the dissertation, by providing more depth and insight to the analysis, as well as allowing triangulation with the results from the literature review, which will increase the validity of any conclusions and recommendations (Saunders et al, 2007). The main method of primary data collection will be the questionnaire survey of ten non league football clubs. This data will be used to assess the various factors impacting on these clubs, and their relative importance, as well as looking at the key income streams and costs incurred by the various clubs. As such, this data will be both qualitative and quantitative, and will act as the survey part of the methodology. The secondary set of primary data will be obtained from the financial accounts of Ashford Town, which will be provid ed. Whilst these accounts are not likely to be very detailed, they will help add depth to the study, and will demonstrate the actual financial situation the club is in as well as help contextualise the possible additional revenue streams the club is able to generate. As such, this section will represent the case study part of the study, whilst being driven and directed by the results of the survey discussed above. This will enable the provision of additional depth, through an in depth look at the actual accounts of a non league football club. This will help provide the ideal balance of breadth and depth. In addition, the collection of data from two distinct sources, the internal survey of staff and the financial results intended for external use, will help create a more accurate and independent triangulation between the various results, as well as a better analysis of the factors underlying them. This cross sectional data collection and analysis is critical in facilitating the use of both quantitative and qualitative analysis, as discussed above, and will help to further increase the value and the academic impact of this dissertation. However, given that commercial sustainability is not a concept which can be easily described through simple quantitative data, the qualitative part of the report is likely to be more important when attempting to determine the factors which underlie the commercial success and sustainability of non league football clubs. Regarding the sample size, it was necessary to find a balance between the need to have a large sample size, and the need to maintain a manageable quantity of data, as well as to fit all of the data collection and analysis in what is a very short period of time. As such, it was decided to collect data from just ten selected non league football clubs. These clubs are Ashford Town FC, Bromley FC, Burscough FC, Chatham Town FC, Corinthians FC, Croydon Athletic FC, Dartford FC, Ebbsfleet United FC, Whitstable FC and AFC Wim. These clubs have been selected as they were most responsive to initial attempts to contact them, and are also within reasonably close geographic proximity thus making the collection of data somewhat simpler. As such, they also represent teams from a fairly close geographic area, and thus should be affected by similar factors and economic effects. When carrying out questionnaires with the clubs, no club requested complete anonymity, and indeed all expresses an interest in seeing the final results of the study to see if it would be of use to them in determining how to best improve their business performance and sustainability. As each questionnaire is relatively straightforward, it was decided to only use one questionnaire for each club, to keep the data set simple and consistent. In order to analyse the qualitative data which is produced from the surveys, it will be necessary to use a research strategy to interpret and validate the data. Positivism has been selected as the research strategy for this piece because, of the four main research philosophies, or paradigms, which can be used to guide and interpret qualitative research, positivism is the one which is most concerned with the facts, rather than the impressions arising from the research (Saunders et al, 2007). This makes positivism ideal for analysing the subject of health and safety in the oil industry, as this can be an emotive and important issue for many workers in the oil industry, as has been shown in the literature review. As such, it will be necessary to avoid forming impressions when carrying out the research, and particularly when analysing the results of the questionnaires. Positivism can help avoid such subjectivity by ensuring that the researcher takes a scientific approach to the research, and minimises the impact of impressions and judgements. Indeed, positivism is based in the original work of Comte, who argued that knowledge can only even be relative, and hence will always be affected by the method used to gather it (Sellars, 1939). This implies that any attempt to interpret the motivations of a respondent in a research project will be affected by the method of data collection, and thus will be blurred. As such, the researcher should concentrate solely on the observed facts, rather than attempting to contextualise or rationalise their observations. However, the main disadvantage of positivism is that, simply be observing or recording an event, such as someone’s views on health and safety, can tend to influence the motivations of the subject, and hence their responses. As a researcher using a positivist paradigm cannot speculate on any potential changes in motivation, this may mean that the actions observed will not be wholly consistent with the actual behaviour in the absence of observation. For example, if a senior manager at an oil company were asked their opinion about health and safety legislation, they may give a different answer to their true opinion of the subject, as they may feel that their public persona needs to be displayed in a certain way. This can hopefully be avoided, to a certain degree, in the questionnaires by not revealing the overall purpose of the survey; assuring the respondent of neutrality; and ensuring that the questionnaire is as neutral as possible. This is based on the argument that if the su bject is unaware of what their responses will be used for, they will be less likely to change their behaviour accordingly. Caldwell (1980) also argues that the face that positivism is based on observations, and not on the fundamental motivations behind said observations, means that it is incompatible with financial and economic viewpoints. This is because economics is based on the study of people’s motivations and decisions in situations where everyone is seen as either a buyer or supplier, and hence everyone acts according to a motivation. For example, when asked if they would prefer additional health and safety legislation, oil executives would naturally answer no, as the cost of compliance would decrease their profits. This occurs because the oil executive’s salary depends on their financial performance, hence they are motivated to avoid anything which may have a negative effect on said performance. Whilst this incompatibility and bias has not been empirically proven; Caldwell (1980, p. 53) argues that it has â€Å"been sufficiently robust to cause many contemporary analysts to turn to alternative approaches†. This implies that such factors need to be addressed when constructing the questionnaires, and that questions which will have an innate connection to, or dependence or, economic and financial factors should be avoided. This implies that, as discussed above, the financial impacts of the health and safety legislation will need to be studied as a secondary priority. Literature Review The history of professional football and commercialism Wray (1982) argues that the late nineteenth century, when significant riches were brought into the UK by the Industrial Revolution and during the Victorian era, was the start of true commercialisation of sport in the UK. This assessment is based on a study of the economics of the gate receipts taken by the football industry in Scotland between 1890 and 1914. This analysis showed that, not only were some entrepreneurs looking to profit from football by commercialising its, but others were looking to do so with the aim of winning more matches, tournaments and hence glory and status. Indeed, whilst the majority of the companies involving themselves in sports such as cycling and horse racing were simply looking to use the sport to create wealth for themselves and their shareholders, the majority of football clubs in Scotland were converted to business principles purely to enhance sporting success. As such, conventional profit and shareholder utility maximisation goals arguably applied mu ch more to other sports than to football, where supporter utility maximisation took precedence. However, Wray (1982) also claims that there was a significant focus on supporter and team utility in other team sports such as cricket, and this was again due to the motives behind the owners, directors and shareholders in many cricket teams. It appears that the British affinity with sports such as football and cricket meant that they developed with the aim of satisfying the fans, whilst the other sports, with less of a spectator following, developed more with the aim of providing financial returns. In addition, the drive towards commercialisation, and in an attempt to assure competitive success, Wilders (1976) reported that, in 1976, all the 92 clubs in the English League, except for Nottingham Forest, had become limited liability companies. This allowed the owners to spend large amounts of money; with no fear of debtors looking to their personal funds should the club fail to break even. In addition, of those companies, more than half the boards of directors held enough shares to make it virtually impossible for the other shareholders to outvote them on any matter. In particular, in 1967, Wilders (1976) reported that there were 22 clubs where the chairman and board of directors owned more than half of the shares; and a further 55 where the board of directors owned over 25 per cent of the shares. In addition to this, in more than a third of said clubs approval was required by the board of directors if anyone wished to sell their shares. As such, the distribution of shares change d very little as the game commercialised, and the clubs continued to be run for the benefit of the directors and chairman, with ordinary shareholders having very little say in the running of the clubs or the returns they earned on their investment. Sloan (1969) also argues that football’s commercial development was driven largely by the significant non financial advantages and disadvantages of being employed as a professional footballer. The main argument appears to be that playing football is a source of great enjoyment for a significant number of people, as witnessed by the thousands of amateur and non league sides which pay without any financial reward. As such, football tends to give players a degree of satisfaction which few other jobs provide, as well as potentially allowing the best players to become national celebrities, with associated additional income and exposure from activities such as writing books; commenting on other footballers performances; and advertising various products and services. In addition, during the initial development of the sport, clubs tended to provide players with houses let at below market rents, as well as giving them significant freedom outside of training and match days. In addition, the fact that the season only covers around nine months of the year, excluding internationals, means that players tend to have significant amounts of free time during the summer break, and even when training they often have several hours free each day. This is countered by the fact that players require a high degree of fitness, and will often need to be away from home for several nights if their schedule demands it. However, Sloan (1969) concludes that football seems to confer more advantages to players than disadvantages, which has helped to raise the profile of professional and semi professional football, and thus contribute to the number of players, and hence number of clubs, in the modern game (Sloan, 1969). This obviously places pressure on the market, with it being difficult and expensive for supporters to follow more than one club, hence making it difficult for smaller clubs to attract supporters. However, countering this is the fact that, since early on in the evolution of the English Football League, the transfer system acted to restrict the movement of labour, to an extent that is rarely seen in other industries. The rules of the transfer system state that any player who wishes to appear for a league club must be employed by that club, in the case of professional players, and must be registered with the Football League, as well as the English Football Association. As such, the only way a player may move between clubs is if both clubs and both ruling bodies approve the transfer. As such, this procedure requires both clubs, the player, the Football League and the FA to consent, effectively giving clubs monopolies over the services of their players for the duration of their fixed length contracts. This is a situation which would not be accepted in other industries, and has regularly been compared with trading slaves, with players often having very little say in where their clu b makes them move (BBC, 2008). Indeed, the fact that transfers almost always involve the payment of a fee by the club who the player is joining further enhances the slave trade connotations. As such, whereas most businesses would attempt to attract new employees by offering higher wages or better working conditions, football clubs are forced to offer high wages, better working conditions, and pay a large fee to the club from which they source the new player. Given that the fees have risen from  £1,000 in 1905,  £10,000 in 1928,  £100,000 in 1961, and into the tens of millions by the present day, it is clear that the increased demand for the best players is forcing clubs to devote ever more funds to transfer fees and wages, particularly when bidding against other clubs to secure the best players (Sloane, 1969). However, in spite of the multi million pound deals which they have been charged with sourcing and carrying out, Wilders (1976) reported that the majority of managers still tended not to have any form of formal training. Indeed, in Wilders’ (1976) survey of 28 English League managers, 16 managers claimed that they would have benefitted from some sort of business and financial course when carrying out their duties and developing their careers. Wilders (1976) claims that this is not the most surprising aspect, the most surprising aspect is that twelve of the managers surveyed believed that they did not need any formal training, and that their experience as a player would be sufficient to help them discharge their managerial responsibilities. However, this belief that playing experience alone provides sufficient training and skills for the demands of football management is arguably one of the reasons why so many clubs have failed to develop as businesses: the skills of professiona l footballers do not tend to include financial and business dealings, or the need to balance budgets. Indeed, the results of the survey indicated a general belief that the majority of football managers knew about the footballing side of their job, but generally knew very little about the need to manage the financial side of the business. As such, the general belief that the best footballers tend to make the best managers has not necessarily been borne out, with many of the best managers having been mediocre footballers at best. In fact, Wilder (1976) claims that the technical gifts needed to make a footballer can often hinder the effective management of clubs. The rise of commercialisation Whilst commercialisation has been a significant trend in the football industry in the UK for the past few years, its only since the 1980s that football in the UK, and the whole of Europe, has truly developed as a major commercial industry. This is evidenced by the fact that, in 1986 the 22 First Division clubs in England had a combined annual tur