History of Circle Essay

The word â€Å"circle† derives from the Greek, kirkos â€Å"a circle,† from the base ker- which means to turn or bend. The origins of the words â€Å"circus† and â€Å"circuit† are closely related. The circle has been known since before the beginning of recorded history. Natural circles would have been observed, such as the Moon, Sun, and a short plant stalk blowing in the wind on sand, which forms a circle shape in the sand. The circle is the basis for the wheel, which, with related inventions such as gears, makes much of modern civilization possible. In mathematics, the study of the circle has helped inspire the development of geometry, astronomy, and calculus. Early science, particularly geometry and astrology and astronomy, was connected to the divine for most medieval scholars, and many believed that there was something intrinsically â€Å"divine† or â€Å"perfect† that could be found in circles. The compass in this 13th century manuscript is a symbol of God’s act ofCreation. Notice also the circular shape of the halo| Circles on an old astronomy drawing| Some highlights in the history of the circle are: * 1700 BC – The Rhind papyrus gives a method to find the area of a circular field. The result corresponds to 256/81 (3.16049†¦) as an approximate value of Ï€. * 300 BC – Book 3 of Euclid’s Elements deals with the properties of circles. * In Plato’s Seventh Letter there is a detailed definition and explanation of the circle. Plato explains the perfect circle, and how it is different from any drawing, words, definition or explanation. * 1880 – Lindemann proves that Ï€ is transcendental, effectively settling the millennia-old problem of squaring the circle.

October Sky Essay

Having confidence in yourself versus listening to others can be beneficial in your dreams. Homer Hickam, a 17 year old young man from Coalwood, West Virginia, struggles with his wants and everyone else’s wants. Homer is looking to achieve his personal goals of freedom, determination, and in search of confidence. Homer is looking for a better life outside of Coalwood, with the opportunity of freedom from the mining town. Homer has a hard time keeping his morals in perspective as his father discourages him to work on the rockets, making him even more determined to succeed. At the same Homer is trying to gain the confidence to follow his goals despite his father’s requests. Choice of Freedom Homer’s opportunity for freedom starts on October 4, 1957, while he sits watching the Sputnik launch into orbit from the television. As he starts his journey, he realizes that his father does not want to hear of his quest. This creates a new challenge for Homer to accomplish freedom. For example, Homer sets his goal with freedom from Coalwood. It all starts with the statement from Homer’s father, â€Å"Can’t dream your way out of Coalwood†. With this statement Homer looks at this as a challenge and starts to design and build his rocket. He starts with risking his own reputation in high school as he sits down next to Quentin. From there it starts as a journey for himself to become something more. Ms. Riley starts to see the interest Homer has with rockets and the potential. She approaches him with the idea of the County Science Fair. A promise if you win you will go onto Nationals in Indianapolis. This is his first small taste of freedom for Homer. AUK 1; first rocket begins production; this is Homer’s attempt to leave Coalwood and be somebody. The next thing Homer realizes is his father does not approve. As they get into an argument, Homer states† I’m never going down there†, referring to the coal mines. With the start of this disagreement, it encourages Homer to strive even more to gain his freedom with rebellion. Determination over Pride Homer and Quentin start to review the process of the rocket. They were recently blamed for one of their rockets going missing and creating a forest fire. After Homer reviews all concepts, he realizes there is no way that rocket could have created that fire. With that, his determination kicks in, and they prove they did not do it. With that concern behind him he then focuses back on the rockets and starts again where it all began; the basement of his home. As his father approaches him on missing work that day to prove to Mr. Turner the principal and Ms Riley they didn’t start the fire; his father wants him back in the mines. With that Homer responds â€Å"I don’t work there anymore†. He stands his ground with his father. After the fight begins between Homer and his father; Homer yells at his father with anger and determination. His pride has been left aside for this moment. â€Å"The coal mine is your life, not mine†. Homer realizes his goal and dreams are closer than he ever thought. His determination gets the best of him as Homer states he will never look back and can’t wait to leave. Once again that taste of freedom is in his reach with the determination stirring him straight ahead. Just for him to gather the strength to take on his father and say what he feels was a major accomplishment to what he wants in his life. His determination becomes stronger once his father gets shot at by a town male due to the union strikes at the mine. He does not want to stay in Coalwood as he knows in time it will dry up and the mine will shut down. Homer realizes his determination once he stays up all night finding the way to prove they didn’t set the forest fire with that rocket. His main focus is proving his father wrong; he will be somebody. People in town felt the only ones who leave are the athletic ones on scholarships. Homer is setting his determination in proving to the town they are wrong in believing in this theory. He had determination to win even when all his items were stolen at the National Convention. Confidence in Hiding Homer’s confidence is compiled as he gets the support of his father, the one person he was seeking approval from. Once Homer won the National Science Fair; his confidence was surpassed by the meeting of his icon Warren Van Braun. Then to know he had won; scouts for colleges were approaching him as he walked out with his new medal. He had proven the town wrong with achieving such a goal. Once Homer returned back to Coalwood the town greeted him and applauded him on his victory. Homer was not a jock who just received a scholarship from a college; no he was a 17 year old boy who became a man overnight. For once the attention was focused on Homer and not his brother Jim who received a scholarship for football. Homer approaches his father at the mine after he realized his dad did not welcome him home. Homer walks up to him to invite him to the last rocket shooting event; his father makes a comment to him â€Å"How was it meeting your hero? † His father did this with a snide remark almost of jealously. Homer does not stand down he approaches his father with confidence that he done the unimaginable. Homer states back to him about the qualities of being hard headed and stubborn they are very much alike. In the closing statement Homer responds with â€Å"I come to believe I got it in me to be somebody in this world†. Van Braun is not his hero, his father is the man he looks up to. â€Å"I hope to be half the man you are† Homer’s final comment as he walks away to shoot the rocket. The town gains confidence in Homer’s dream. They supported him when it came to when someone stole his items from the convention. Everyone pulled together to show their support for Homer. Mr. Ballard was the one who spent the extra time to get this piece remade to his mother stepping up to his father to end the strike to have this done. Homer saw this display of support which built his confidence even more. Keep Shooting for the Stars Freedom, determination, and confidence are what make a dream come true. Homer realized all these qualities to help him keep his focus to achieving his goal. As the town gathers for the final shooting of the rocket, Homer watches for a certain person to arrive. He sees everyone arriving; he starts to walk towards Valentine, Dorothy walks up to him and offers a date with her. Homer has gained confidence enough to see what is the most important things in his life. Valentine was one who was there for him when Dorothy rejected him for his brother all over a scholarship for football. Dorothy was only seeking an easy way out. As he starts to thank the town for all their support he pauses after he says his thank you to his mother as right then his father arrives. Homer then walks up to his father and offers him to push the rocket launch button. AS they walk towards to safe house for the rocket launching his father puts his hand on his shoulder. This was a new sign of confidence for Homer as his father approves. In the end the Rocket Boy’s all achieve greatness. The most important person is Homer; he received his scholarship then completed college. He later in life achieves the goal of becoming NASA engineer who trains the astronauts for space shuttle missions. Homer made the sentence â€Å"I come to believe I got it in me to be somebody in this world† a true statement.

Iraq war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Iraq war - Essay Example Several have taken place from the time to time in the Middle East. But somehow the US- Iraq war remains the most significant of them all. US formed alliance with Israel to accomplish this mission against Iraq. The war had changed many aspects in both the countries. In Iraq, US dominion was started which continued till date. After it lost the war, it came under direct control of US government. Presently, Iraq is facing the terrible consequences of war. It had lost its secular state, its welfare limited and its dignity lost. But on the other hand, US too had to pay a certain price for the win. Apart from war casualties, it had faced a huge blow from economic point of view. In Iraq, the US motto was not to end the reign of Saddam Hussein, but something more than that. Surely, it had won the war, but at price which often shocked the rest of the world. US army, even the high- order military personnel illegitimately arrested innocent civilians, killed them, deported them and often even tor tured them to death. Thus, total loss incurred can broadly be divided into three segments: human loss, financial loss and physical loss. Numerous surveys and researches have attempted to find out the exact number of death causalities in Iraq. The US have followed the Vietnamese model of not counting the total number of dead, likewise, they have not provided actually number of civilian dead (Steele, and Goldenberg) The war has surely increased violence all over Iraq, which is continues till date. The Iraq Body Count (IBC) has claimed that there have been 1,220,580 victims, including war period and post war casualties, with a majority of the families losing more than one family member. Yet other sources like Baltimore/ Lancelet figure claims that Iraq has experienced more deaths. According to Frederick â€Å"Skip† Burkle, the survey had deliberately ignored the number of deaths caused by secondary causalities. Insufficient health- services, unemployment, poverty, loss of family and emotional loss, etc also lead to death of thousands of Iraqis. Civilian death in Iraq numbers somewhere around 104,000 with another 230,000 reported as missing. But all the sources unanimously agree to the fact that the war with US has devastated Iraq, making it struggling hard for survival and sustenance. US was also affected claiming 4000 lives, though the number much less compared to Iraq’s (Steele and Goldenberg). Another situation of human loss occurred when hundreds of thousands of Iraqis fled from their homeland. The chief reason behind this was terror, bloodshed and tyranny inflicted by the US soldiers. The political unrest made the lives of Iraqis so difficult that they sought refuge in other parts of the globe, especially in Jordan and Syria, who is Iraq’s neighboring countries. This was further confirmed by the Iraqi Exodus video which states that Iraqi immigrants have increased the total population of these two countries. However, lives of those new im migrants were not easy. They are facing more hardships because of lack of work permit and shelter (Benson). However, it has to be remembered that that the US- Iraq war not only carries superficial financial loss, but also macroeconomic costs. The war has resulted in higher consumption of resources, than that was estimated before the war started in 2003. Oil prices shot from $23 in 2003 to $90 in US, as an aftermath of US- Iran war. Firstly, war hampered the regular supply of oil from Middle East countries including Iraq and Iran. Secondly, war increased consumption of

Suleymaniye Mosque istanbul Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Suleymaniye Mosque istanbul - Essay Example The edifice was the 7 years masterpiece work led by the Ottoman engineer, Mimar Sinan in the year 1550 to 1557. Mimar Sinan studied with great interest one of the model edifices, the Hagia Sophia Church. Hagia Sophia Church is the Byzantine church of Divine Wisdom which was used by the Ottomans as prayer house at the onset of occupancy in Turkey (Jackh, 1952; Turkey, 2006). However, the Dome of the Rock Mosque in Jerusalem constructed in 643 apparently set the primary standards of subsequent Mosque architectures in the Islamic sphere of influence (Hitchcock, Lloyd, Rice, Lynton, Boyd, and Carden, 1963). Departing from the four sided building of the Kaaba which was constructed by Abraham and Ysmael, peace is upon them, the Dome of the Rock Mosque is shape in a rotunda (Hitchcock et al., 1963) on top of the hill. During the Ottoman reign over Turkey, from 1288 to 1923, the organized sultanate took over properties which were left behind by the Byzantine monarchs. A few of these are the buildings with its arts and architecture. The structures as well as the adornments very well portrayed influences not only of Byzantine art but also from the Seljuk Turks. The Seljuks' ruled Turkey from 1071 to the 1300th's. The Seljuks' introduced some arts and architectural designs they must have picked up from Persia and Anatolia. Although some of the structures were refurbished from one set of colonizer to the next, some served as models for the construction of buildings that were called Ottoman Mosques (Hitchcock et al., 1963). Suleymaniye imperial Mosque is one of the legendary architectural model output that exist up to date. The Mosque was named after Suleiman the sultan of the era. The structure was adorned with 4 very prominent external minarets, dome shape roof, the prayer hall, iwan, sahn, and garden (Essential Architecture, Asia-West, 2009). The floor plan reveals a square architectural structure (Hitchcock et al., 1963). Source: Essential Architecture, Asia-West, 2009 Source: Title: World Architecture: An Illustrated History; Publisher

Article Critique 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Article Critique 2 - Essay Example As a student engages in physical exercise such as playing basketball or any other health promoting physical exercise, his/her interpersonal skills and interactions increase. The thesis is also clear as it helps a reader to generally interpolate that idle students may engage in acts like alcohol consumption. In addition, students who have strained interpersonal relationships with peers may be suffering from stress. As a means of stress management, they may resort to alcohol consumption. Intended audience The study has a number of audiences that are addressed. One of the audiences is students already studying in college and those wishing to join college. The study addresses them directly as they are the subjects of the study. Other audiences are parents and university administration as they are responsible for the student’s wellbeing. The review of literature is sufficient and relevant as it looks at the three main variables in details. The literature also focuses on recent rese arch, which shows its relevance. Hypothesis The hypothesis is that college students who participate in regular physical activity have low stress levels, better interpersonal relationships, as well as low levels of alcohol consumption. The sample for the study The sample of the study drew participants from a public university in south eastern United States, whereby freshmen aged between 18 and 25 were selected. The participants must also have taken alcohol within the past three months, and they must be able to read and speak English. Samples were randomly selected from seminar classrooms and residence halls. The main mode of data collection was through the HPLP-II and Daily Drinking questionnaire (Wilson-Salandy & Nies, 2012). Critique of the conclusion The conclusion shows that the hypothesis was disapproved. The conclusion shows that there is no relationship between the three variables that the study sought to test. However, other studies reveal a positive correlation between physi cal activity and alcohol consumption, interpersonal relationships and stress management. This study shows no relationship at all. This may imply that the study may have been skewed in terms of questions asked and sampling techniques. The next step for this study is that the same study needs to be repeated in another region to examine whether the same results will be achieved. The results imply that there is no significant effect on interpersonal relationship, alcohol consumption and stress management whether students engage in physical activities or not. This may discourage students from engaging in healthy exercises. My overall impression concerning the study is that the review of literature was well grounded, but the method of data collection was skewed. The study ought to have carried out a study with a single objective such as effects of physical activity on alcohol consumption, and the other variables to be considered as subsets or minor variables. This will have helped in prec ise analysis of data. Another impression is that the study ought to have sampled students from various universities in different locations, in order to ensure that results are fairly balanced. I disagree with the results, especially from the verity that all the three variabl

HAMLET PLAY VS HAMLET MOVIE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

HAMLET PLAY VS HAMLET MOVIE - Essay Example Zeffirelli’s version of the play is shorter and has in it new episodes, making it different. Zefirelli produced the movie in 1990. Both pieces of work center on the drama that follows when Claudius poisons his brother the king and inherits the throne and the queen. Hamlet cannot come into terms with all the sudden evils and seeks to avenge the death of his father. It is worth noting that Zeffirelli has produced a shorter and easier version of the play that simplifies the Shakespeare style (Cook 20). Employing creativity, Zeffirelli manages to emphasize the level of decay in Denmark. Through his interpretation, Zeffirelli introduces the Hamlet movie with a new scene that does not exist in the original version of the play. Some of the lines plucked from a later scene include â€Å"think of us as of a father†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1.2.113-117) (Shakespeare and Edwards 114). In emphasizing the decay, which has engulfed the Denmark society, he places a funeral as the first scene of the movie. In the original version, the characters only mention the funeral. By placing a funeral at the start, he introduces the viewer to the villainy that lead to all the other drama (Mazek). The original play starts differently. Zefirelli’s first scene acts as the first event in the chronology of events that follow. Zeffirelli creatively replaces the first scene of the original script of the play. Therefore, he omits the introduction to the main story that Shakespeare provided. It is clear that he seeks to divert the attention of the viewer to focus on a different element of the play. The first scene in Shakespeare’s play introduces all the drama that will transpire in an instance. In this scene, he mentions that the Prince, Fortenbras, has intentions to attack Denmark. In this scene, the ghost appearance of King Hamlet happens for the first time. For purposes of widening the analysis of the play,

Awnser A, B or C Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Awnser A, B or C - Research Paper Example However, the need for controlling the unknown, for creating parameters through alteration so that the odds of a good life are increased deletes the potential for challenges and obstacles that stimulate creativity and innovation. In trying to control the future, in creating a life in which all elements of natural creation are subjected to human manipulation, the nature of human existence is greatly altered, inextricably detached from the surprises that enrich the nature of life. In genetically engineering children, the natural order of life becomes something that is defined by hubris, eliminating the potential for greatness that is born of adversity and ending the true existence of humanity. Francis Fukuyama puts forth arguments against the use of genetic engineering as a way to improve the human condition. He suggests that to use these forms of science to change the outcomes of life would be an inroad to changing the nature of humanity (Fukuyama). This argument clearly expresses the basic nature of scientific meddling in human development. The concept that humanity is vulnerable to the ways in which science has the capacity to change elements of life provides for a cascade of effects that can ultimately change perceptions, shift ideological beliefs, and push cultural construction towards a world in which little is left that has the basic elements of human life still held within it. When applied to the question of genetic engineering babies, the acceleration of these problems has the potential of changing the nature o human existence to a point where life is essentially changed. In choosing the attributes of a child from a menu of options so that parents have the belief that they can create the exact child that they want, human interaction and existence will fundamentally change in ways that will represent irrecoverable losses. One of the most powerful arguments for human genetic